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disturbance of the Earth’s upper atmosphere brought on by solar flares—i.e., bright eruptions from the visible portion of the Sun’s chromosphere. The material associated with these flares consists primarily of protons and electrons with an energy of a few thousand electron volts. Called plasma, this material moves through the interplanetary medium at speeds ranging from 1,000 to...
The visible region of the Sun is the photosphere (see Table), with its radiation being about the same as the continuum radiation from a 5,800 K blackbody. Lying above the photosphere is the chromosphere, which is observed by the emission of line radiation from various atoms and ions. Outside the chromosphere, the corona expands into the ever-blowing solar wind (see below), which on passing...
...solar eclipse, when the Moon has fully covered the Sun’s brilliant visible disk, the faint extensive outer atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona, is revealed. Just prior to this event, the chromosphere, a thin bright red layer in the lower solar atmosphere, appears for a few seconds at the edge of the Sun’s disk. Then, as the chromosphere vanishes, the corona leaps into view. Pearly...
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