Although mutualisms benefit all species involved in a relationship, they are built on the same genetically selfish principles as antagonistic interactions. In fact, many mutualisms appear to have evolved from antagonistic interactions. No species behaves altruistically to promote the good of another species. Mutualisms evolve as species that come in contact manipulate each other for their own benefit. Plants evolve particular mixtures and concentrations of nectar to tempt pollinators to behave in ways that maximize pollination. Purely for their own advantage, pollinators visit plants and navigate among them to harvest nectar or pollen in the most efficient way possible. Their concern is not with how well they function as pollinators for the plants but rather with what they can extract from the plants. Mutualism results whenever the selfish activities of species happen to benefit each of them. Natural selection continues to reshape these relationships as each species evolves its ability to exploit the other.
Transfer-of-energy-through-an-ecosystemFigure 2: Transfer of energy through an ecosystem. At each trophic level only a small proportion of …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Generalized-aquatic-food-webFigure 1: Generalized aquatic food web. Parasites, among the most diverse species in the food web, …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Male-resplendent-quetzal-or-resplendent-trogonMale resplendent quetzal, or resplendent trogon (Pharomachrus mocinno).[Credits : Michael & Patricia Fogden]
Parasitoids-which-parasitize-other-arthropods-by-depositing-eggs-in-theFigure 2: Parasitoids, which parasitize other arthropods by depositing eggs in the pupae, larvae, …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
DOrbignys-round-eared-bat-capturing-a-katydid-in-flightD’Orbigny’s round-eared bat (Tonatia silvicola) capturing a katydid in flight.[Credits : © Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International—Photo Researchers, Inc.]
Silky-anteater-extending-its-long-narrow-tongue-which-it-usesSilky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) extending its long, narrow tongue, which it uses to …[Credits : Gunter Ziesler/Bruce Coleman Ltd.]
Coevolution-between-the-yucca-moth-and-the-yucca-plantCoevolution between the yucca moth and the yucca plant. (Top) A female yucca moth …[Credits : Photographs, © Robert and Linda Mitchell]Coevolution between the yucca moth and the yucca plant. (Top) A female yucca moth …[Credits : Photographs, © Robert and Linda Mitchell]
Coevolution-of-one-species-with-many-speciesCoevolution of one species with many species. (Top) European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) …[Credits : John Markham/Bruce Coleman Ltd.]Coevolution of one species with many species. (Top) European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) …[Credits : John Markham/Bruce Coleman Ltd.]
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