eclipse Eclipsing binary starsastronomy

Astronomers have estimated that more than half of all stars in the Milky Way Galaxy are members of a double or a more complex multiple star system. Most of these are too far from Earth for the individual stars to be resolved. In a double star, or binary, system (see binary star), each star attracts the other gravitationally and orbits about a unique point, the centre of mass of the pair. If the plane of their orbits lies edge-on toward Earth, each star will be seen to eclipse the other once each orbital period. Such a system is known as an eclipsing binary.

In an eclipsing binary system, the total amount of light varies periodically; for this reason it is alternatively called an eclipsing variable star. The light curve of an eclipsing binary—i.e., a plot of its changes in brightness over time—has a deep minimum when the brighter star is eclipsed and a shallower minimum when the dimmer star is eclipsed. The variable star Algol, or Beta Persei, was the first eclipsing binary to be recognized as such.

Eclipsing binaries are the principal sources of information on the masses and radii of stars. A complete analysis of the light curve can yield the radii of the stars (in units of their separation); orbital characteristics such as eccentricity, orientation in space, and tilt with respect to Earth; and even the surface temperatures of the stars. Kepler’s third law relates the orbital period, the separation of the stars, and the sum of their masses. From observations of the periodic shifts of each star’s spectral lines due to motion of the star toward or away from Earth (the Doppler effect), astronomers can determine the velocity along the line of sight of each star in its orbit. The ratio of the stellar masses then follows from their velocities. With the sum and ratio of the masses in hand, both masses can be determined.

Studies of eclipsing binaries have revealed unexpected structural details and time-related changes in the component stars. Some stars turn out to have dark starspots, for example, similar to but much larger than sunspots on the Sun. Other stars flare in brightness as mass is exchanged from one component to the other. Rapid rotation of some stars flattens their shapes into ellipsoids. Even the long-known solar phenomenon of limb darkening, the gradual decrease in brightness from the centre to the edge of the Sun’s disk, has been detected in the component stars of eclipsing binaries.

Zeta Aurigae is the prototype of a class of eclipsing binaries composed of a cool supergiant star and a hot blue star. Although the supergiant’s atmosphere is large enough to reach to the orbit of Venus were the star to replace the Sun in the solar system, it is very rarified. When the blue star first passes behind the supergiant, its light is not fully extinguished but travels through the supergiant’s cool atmosphere, which modifies the light’s characteristics. Thus, the blue star acts as a probe of the supergiant’s atmosphere. By analyzing the combined spectra of the two stars, astronomers can determine the temperature, density, and composition of the supergiant’s atmosphere.

Beta Lyrae is the prototype of another class of eclipsing binaries, in which one star is embedded in a ring or disk of material that it has pulled off the other star. One star has twice the mass of the Sun; the companion star is much dimmer, though it has a mass of about 12 Suns. This binary is highly variable, and it shows signs that mass is spiraling from one star to the other at a rate of about five Earth masses per year. This exchange of mass has apparently caused an increase in the orbital period, from 12.89 days in 1784, when it was discovered, to 12.94 days in 1978.