eclipse Assyrianastronomy

The Assyrian Chronicle, a cuneiform tablet that preserves the names of the annual magistrates who gave their names to the years (similar to the later Athenian archons or Roman consuls), records under the year that corresponds to 763–762 bc: “Revolt in the citadel; in [the month] Siwan [equivalent to May–June], the Sun had an eclipse.” The reference must be to the eclipse of June 15, 763 bc, the only large eclipse visible in Assyria over a period of many years. A possible allusion to the same eclipse is found in the Old Testament: “ ‘And on that day,’ says the Lord God, ‘I will make the Sun go down at noon, and darken the earth in broad daylight’ ” (Amos 8:9). Amos was prophesying during the reign of King Jeroboam II (786–746 bc) of Israel, and the eclipse would be very large throughout Israel.

Many references to both solar and lunar eclipses in the first half of the 7th century bc are found among the divination reports to Assyrian kings. These tablets, which are now largely in the British Museum, were found in the royal archives at Nineveh. A text probably dating from 675 bc carries the following account, indicating that the eclipse was regarded as an unfavourable omen:

The eclipse of the Moon which took place in Marchesvan [month VIII] began [in the east]. That is bad for Subartu. What [is wrong]? After it, Jupiter ent[ered] the Moon three times. What is being done to make its evil pass?