Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...radiated by Neptune is equivalent to that of a nonreflecting sphere of the same size with a uniform temperature of 59.3 K (−353 °F, −214 °C). This temperature is called the effective temperature.
The effective temperature, Teff, of a star is defined in terms of its total energy output and radius. Thus, since σT4eff is the rate of radiation per unit area for a perfectly radiating sphere and if L is the total radiation (i.e., luminosity) of a star considered to be a sphere of radius...
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