Ephemeris Timechronology

(ET), the first dynamical time scale in history; it was defined by the International Astronomical Union in the 1950s and was superseded by Barycentric Dynamical Time in 1984. (See dynamical time.)

Ephemeris Time could be obtained by observing the orbital position of any planet or satellite and then using an ephemeris, which lists calculated orbital positions as a function of time. The orbital position of the Earth about the Sun, as developed mathematically in the American astronomer Simon Newcomb’s tables of the Sun (1898), were selected as the standard to define the numerical measure of Ephemeris Time. (The Earth and Sun are 180° apart; that is, opposite each other in the plane of the ecliptic, so that an observation of the Sun with respect to the stars gives the orbital position of the Earth.) Newcomb’s tables were used to form a solar ephemeris, or a table that gives the Sun’s coordinates for successive values of Ephemeris Time.

Values of Ephemeris Time were also obtained from observations of the Moon by using the lunar ephemeris for the calculated position. The lunar ephemeris, however, contains an empirical, nongravitational term, which was needed to correct for the effects of tides raised in the Earth by the Moon. The Moon was generally used to determine Ephemeris Time because of its rapid orbital motion. Very accurate positions of the Moon were obtained visually by observations of occultations of stars by the Moon. By the time Ephemeris Time was superseded in 1984, it had served two important purposes: (1) the definition of a second of Ephemeris Time served as the basis for the redefinition in 1967 of the SI second on the atomic time scale, and (2) ET was the reference scale used for comparison with rotational time to determine variations in the Earth’s rotational speed from about 700 bc to ad 1955.