Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...that could be inserted down the esophagus and upon which a light was mounted to illuminate the area visualized was invented in about 1889; this rigid instrument was soon replaced by the semiflexible gastroscope, developed by Rudolf Schindler in 1932, and then by the flexible fibre-optic gastroscope, developed by Basil Hirschowitz in 1957. In the 1890s Walter Cannon used X rays to visualize the...
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