Many substances (e.g., proteins) are antigenic; i.e., when introduced into a vertebrate body, they stimulate the production of specific proteins called antibodies. Various antigens exist in red blood cells, including those that make up the major blood groups of man (A, B, AB, O). These and other antigens are genetically determined; their study constitutes immunogenetics. Blood antigens of man include inherited variations, and the particular combination of antigens in an individual is almost as unique as fingerprints and has been used in such areas as paternity testing (although this approach has been largely supplanted by DNA-based techniques).
Immunological techniques are used in blood group determinations in blood transfusions, in organ transplants, and in determining Rhesus incompatibility in childbirth. Specific antigens of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are correlated with human diseases and disease predispositions. Antibodies also have a genetic basis, and their seemingly endless ability to match any antigen presented is based on special types of DNA shuffling processes between antibody genes. Immunology is also useful in identifying specific recombinant DNA clones that synthesize a specific protein of interest.
The-initial-proposal-of-the-structure-of-DNA-by-JamesThe initial proposal of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick, which was …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Sex-linked-inheritance-of-white-eyes-in-Drosophila-fliesSex-linked inheritance of white-eyes in Drosophila flies.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Steps-involved-in-the-engineering-of-a-recombinant-DNA-moleculeSteps involved in the engineering of a recombinant DNA molecule.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Dolly-the-sheep-was-successfully-cloned-in-1996-by-fusingDolly the sheep was successfully cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus from a mammary-gland cell of …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Mendels-law-of-independent-assortment-The-example-here-shows-aMendel’s law of independent assortment[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Mendels-law-of-segregation-Cross-of-a-purple-flowered-andMendel’s law of segregation[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Punnett-square-diagrams-are-used-to-predict-all-the-possiblePunnett square diagrams are used to predict all the possible gene combinations that could result …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
James Watson and Francis Crick revolutionized the study of genetics when they discovered the …[Credits : Acquired from Vast Video]
Specific segments of DNA are amplified (copied) in a laboratory using polymerase chain reaction …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Studying bacteria has lead to the relatively new science of genetic engineering.[Credits : Acquired from Vast Video]
Advantages of budding and grafting.[Credits : Acquired from Vast Video]
Mendel’s discovery of the fundamental laws governing the science of genetics.[Credits : Acquired from Vast Video]
Link to this article and share the full text with the readers of your Web site or blog-post.
If you think a reference to this article on "genetics" will enhance your Web site,
blog-post, or any other web-content, then feel free to link to this article,
and your readers will gain full access to the full article, even if they do not subscribe to our service.
You may want to use the HTML code fragment provided below.
We welcome your comments. Any revisions or updates suggested for this article will be reviewed by our editorial staff. Contact us here.
Regular users of Britannica may notice that this comments feature is less robust than in the past. This is only temporary, while we make the transition to a dramatically new and richer site. The functionality of the system will be restored soon.