Élie HalévyFrench historian

born Sept. 6, 1870, Étretat, Fr. died Aug. 21, 1937, Sucy-en-Brie

French historian, author of the best detailed general account of 19th-century British history, Histoire du peuple anglais au XIX^e siècle, 6 vol. (1913–47; A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century). This great work traces the political, economic, and religious developments in Britain after 1815.

Halévy was particularly concerned with the rise of nonconformity, and he sought to show that what was basic to the British conception of liberty was a spirit of voluntary obedience. After completing three volumes dealing with the years 1815–41, he turned to the end of the century in his two-volume Épilogue, covering the period 1895–1914. He projected a further three volumes for the period 1841–95 but died before completing them; a volume dealing with the years 1841–52 was later prepared from his notes. The English translation was published as follows: England in 1815 (1949), The Liberal Awakening, 1815–1830 (1949), The Triumph of Reform, 1830–1841 (1950), Victorian Years, 1841–1895 (1951; a translation of Halévy’s posthumous volume augmented by a long essay written by the English historian R.B. McCallum), Imperialism and the Rise of Labour, 1895–1905 (1951), and The Rule of Democracy, 1905–1914 (1952).