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...refers to the orbit when the comet was still outside of the solar system, as opposed to the osculating orbit, which refers to the arc observed from the Earth after it has been modified by the perturbations of the giant planets. Passages through the solar system produce a rather wide diffusion in orbital energies (in a −1). In 1950 Oort accounted for only 19...
in comet: Origin and evolution of comets )All observed comets make up an essentially transient system that decays and disappears almost completely in less than one million years. Since they all pass through the solar system, planetary perturbations eject a fraction of them into deep space on hyperbolic orbits and capture another fraction on short-period orbits. In turn, those that have been captured decay rapidly in the solar heat....
The higher degree zonal spherical harmonics (the first summation) in equation (7) lead to perturbations of the orbit in the precessing orbital plane. To achieve high accuracy in satellite tracking, special satellites carrying reflectors have been employed in conjunction with ground stations equipped with lasers that may be beamed at such satellites. The time that it takes for a laser pulse to...
...of the planets, in accordance with Newton’s second and third laws. Furthermore, the planets attract one another, so that the total force on a planet is not just that due to the Sun; other planets perturb the elliptical motion that would have occurred for a particular planet if that planet had been the only one orbiting an isolated Sun. Kepler’s laws therefore are only approximate. The motion...
...Principia the laws were applied to elaborate and arduous computations of the motion of all planets, not simply as isolated bodies attracted by the Sun but as a system in which every one perturbs the motion of the others by mutual gravitational interactions. (The work of the French mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace, was especially noteworthy.) Calculations...
As practically attacked, it consists of the problem of determining the perturbations (disturbances) in the motion of one of the bodies around the principal, or central, body that are produced by the attraction of the third. Examples are the motion of the Moon around the Earth, as disturbed by the action of the Sun, and of one planet around the Sun, as disturbed by the action of another planet....
...aid of an ice calorimeter that they had invented, showed respiration to be a form of combustion. Returning to his astronomical investigations with an examination of the entire subject of planetary perturbations—mutual gravitational effects—Laplace in 1786 proved that the eccentricities and inclinations of planetary orbits to each other will always remain small, constant, and...
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