![The process of DNA extraction is necessary to isolate molecules of DNA from cells or tissues. A …[Credits : Dr. Dominik Refardt/University of Basel, Switzerland.]](http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/14/101714-003-4056017C.gif)
joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate genes. Although it is relatively easy to isolate a sample of DNA from a collection of cells, finding a specific gene within this DNA sample can be compared to finding a needle in a haystack. Consider the fact that each human cell contains approximately 2 metres (6 feet) of DNA. Therefore, a small tissue sample will contain many kilometres of DNA. However, recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to isolate one gene or any other segment of DNA, enabling researchers to determine its nucleotide sequence, study its transcripts, mutate it in highly specific ways, and reinsert the modified sequence into a living organism.
![Steps involved in the engineering of a recombinant DNA molecule.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]](http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/87/22487-003-D76FBCB3.gif)
![Studying bacteria has lead to the relatively new science of genetic engineering.[Credits : Acquired from Vast Video]](http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/34/86834-003-6394E615.gif)
In biology a clone is a group of individual cells or organisms descended from one progenitor. This means that the members of a clone are genetically identical, because cell replication produces identical daughter cells each time. The use of the word clone has been extended to recombinant DNA technology, which has provided scientists with the ability to produce many copies of a single fragment of DNA, such as a gene, creating identical copies that constitute a DNA clone. In practice the procedure is carried out by inserting a DNA fragment into a small DNA molecule and then allowing this molecule to replicate inside a simple living cell such as a bacterium. The small replicating molecule is called a DNA vector (carrier). The most commonly used vectors are plasmids (circular DNA molecules that originated from bacteria), viruses, and yeast cells. Plasmids are not a part of the main cellular genome, but they can carry genes that provide the host cell with useful properties, such as drug resistance, mating ability, and toxin production. They are small enough to be conveniently manipulated experimentally, and, furthermore, they will carry extra DNA that is spliced into them.
The-process-of-DNA-extraction-is-necessary-to-isolate-moleculesThe process of DNA extraction is necessary to isolate molecules of DNA from cells or tissues. A …[Credits : Dr. Dominik Refardt/University of Basel, Switzerland.]
Steps-involved-in-the-engineering-of-a-recombinant-DNA-moleculeSteps involved in the engineering of a recombinant DNA molecule.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
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