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  • California torreya (plant)
    (Torreya californica), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), found naturally only in California. Growing to a height of 24 m (about 79 feet) or more, the tree bears spreading, slightly drooping branches. Although pyramidal in shape when young, it may be round-topped in old age. The fissured bark is grayish brown in colour, with orange streaks showing through. The dark-...
  • California, University of (university system, California, United States)
    system of public universities in California, U.S., with campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz. The university traces its or...
  • California University of Pennsylvania (university, California, Pennsylvania, United States)
    public, coeducational institution of higher learning in California, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is one of 14 universities in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. The university is composed of colleges of liberal arts, science and technology, and education and human services, and it offers both bachelor’s and master’s degree programs, the latter through its School of Graduate ...
  • California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (law case)
    ...legal challenges over the next decade, principally suits in which plaintiffs argued that state regulations regarding gaming should obtain on tribal land. The issue was decided in CaliforniaCabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987), in which the U.S. Supreme Court found that California’s interest in the regulation of reservation-based....
  • California wax myrtle (plant)
    ...in the bayberry family (Myricaceae), but especially M. pennsylvanica, also called candleberry, whose grayish waxy berries, upon boiling, yield the wax used in making bayberry candles. The California bayberry, or California wax myrtle (M. californica), is used as an ornamental on sandy soils in warm climates. ...
  • California Wesleyan College (university, California, United States)
    private coeducational institution of higher education in Stockton, California, U.S. The university includes the College of the Pacific (arts and sciences) and schools of education, music, business, engineering and computer science, international studies, pharmacy and health sciences, and graduate studies. The university’s McGeorge School of Law is in Sacramento, and the A...
  • California white oak (plant)
    The shrubby Gambel oak (Q. gambelii) may reach 4.5 m (15 feet) tall. The California white oak (Q. lobata), also called valley oak, is an ornamental and shade tree, often 30 m (100 feet) tall. It has graceful, drooping branches, many-lobed dark green leaves, and distinctive acorns about 5 cm (1.7 inches) long. The ash-gray to light-brown bark, slightly orange-tinted,......
  • California yew (plant)
    (Taxus brevifolia), an evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae). It is the only commercially important yew native to North America, where it is found from Alaska to California. Usually between 5 and 15 metres (about 15 to 50 feet) tall, it sometimes reaches 25 metres. See also yew....
  • Californian (ship)
    Inquiries held in the United States and Great Britain alleged that the Leyland liner Californian, which was less than 20 miles (32 km) away all night, could have aided the stricken vessel had its radio operator been on duty and thereby received the Titanic’s distress signals. Only the arrival of the Cunard liner Carpathia 1 hour and 20 minutes after the Titanic w...
  • californite (mineral)
    jadelike variety of the mineral vesuvianite....
  • californium (chemical element)
    synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 98. Not occurring in nature, californium (as the isotope californium-245) was discovered (1950) by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, as a product resulting from the helium-ion bombardment of curium-242 (atomic number 96) in t...
  • californium-252 (chemical isotope)
    ...isotopes that are useful for chemical studies. Only the principal mode of decay is given, though in many cases other modes of decay also are exhibited by the isotope. In particular, with the isotope californium-252, alpha-particle decay is important because it determines the half-life, but the expected applications of the isotope exploit its spontaneous fission decay that produces an enormous.....
  • Caligula (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor from 37 to 41, in succession to Tiberius, who effected the transfer of the last legion that had been under a senatorial proconsul (in Africa) to an imperial legate, thus completing the emperor’s monopoly of army command. Accounts of his reign by ancient historians are so biased against him that the truth is almost impossible to disentangle....
  • Caligula (work by Camus)
    ...He maintained a deep love of the theatre until his death. Ironically, his plays are the least-admired part of his literary output, although Le Malentendu (Cross Purpose) and Caligula, first produced in 1944 and 1945, respectively, remain landmarks in the Theatre of the Absurd. Two of his most enduring contributions to the theatre may well be his stage adaptations of......
  • Caligula (work by Quidde)
    ...and in 1890 became professor and secretary of the Prussian Historical Institute in Rome. In 1892 he returned to Munich and joined the German Peace Society. In 1894 he published a pamphlet, Caligula, which had the appearance of a historical study but was actually a caustic satire on the German emperor William II; the enormously popular publication brought Quidde three months’......
  • Căliman (mountain range, Europe)
    ...attain their highest altitude in the Rodna (Rodnei) Massif in Romania; they are built of crystalline rocks and reach a peak in Pietrosu (7,556 feet). To the south, extinct volcanoes in the Călimani and Harghita ranges have, to some extent, kept their original conical shape; the highest peaks of these ranges are 6,890 feet and 5,906 feet, respectively. Fringing the true Eastern......
  • Calimyrna fig (plant)
    In addition to the caprifig, there are three other horticultural types of fig: Smyrna, White San Pedro, and Common. Smyrna-type figs develop only when fertile seeds are present, and these seeds account for the generally excellent quality and nutty flavour of the fruit. Figs of the White San Pedro type combine the characteristics of both the Smyrna and the Common type on one tree. First-crop......
  • Călineşcu, Armand (prime minister of Romania)
    statesman who, as prime minister of Romania (March–September 1939), provided the major administrative inspiration and support for King Carol II’s royal dictatorship....
  • Călinescu, George (Romanian author)
    The critic and prose writer George Călinescu wrote an important history of Romanian literature (1944), as well as valuable studies of Eminescu and other writers. Călinescu also wrote novels describing the social life of Bucharest after World War I, its gradual decay, and the part played by intellectuals in the reconstruction after World War II....
  • caliper (paper)
    The caliper (thickness) of paper or paperboard in fractions of a millimetre or inch is measured by placing a single sheet under a steady pressure of 0.49 to 0.63 kilogram per square centimetre (seven to nine pounds per square inch) between two circular and parallel plane surfaces, the smaller of which has an area of 1.6 square centimetres (0.25 square inch)....
  • caliper (measurement instrument)
    measuring instrument that consists of two adjustable legs or jaws for measuring the dimensions of material parts. The calipers on the right side of the have an adjusting screw and nut and are known as spring calipers; those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers, which are held in place by friction at the joint. Outside calipers measure thicknesses and outside diameters of objects...
  • caliper brake (device)
    ...levers to stirrups that pull pads of friction material against the inside of the rim. Front and rear brakes on other bikes are actuated by cables connected to a brake lever on each handlebar. Caliper brakes squeeze two pads against the sides of the rim. Drum brakes that force two arcs of friction material against the inside of a steel drum on the hub are less common. Disc brakes have been......
  • caliph (Islamic title)
    (“successor”), ruler of the Muslim community. When Muḥammad died (June 8, 632), Abū Bakr succeeded to his political and administrative functions as khalīfah rasūl Allāh, or “successor of the Messenger of God,” but it was probably under ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the s...
  • Caliphate (Islamic history)
    the political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion in the centuries following the death (ad 632) of the Prophet Muḥammad. Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalīfah, “successor”), who held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual authority, the empire of the Caliphate grew rapidl...
  • Caliroa cerasi (insect)
    ...and are commonly found on flowers. Many are poor fliers. The leaves of pear, cherry, and plum trees are eaten by the destructive North American species Caliroa cerasi, commonly called the pear slug. The larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) is sometimes highly destructive to larch trees in the United States and Canada. The elm leaf miner (Fenusa ulmi) is sometimes a......
  • Calisher, Hortense (American writer)
    American writer of novels, novellas, and short stories, known for the elegant style and insightful rendering of characters in her often semiautobiographical short fiction, much of which was published originally in The New Yorker....
  • Calisia (Poland)
    city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, situated on the Prosna River....
  • calisthenics (exercise)
    free body exercises performed with varying degrees of intensity and rhythm, which may or may not be done with light handheld apparatuses such as rings and wands. The exercises employ such motions as bending, stretching, twisting, swinging, kicking, and jumping, as well as such specialized movements as push-ups, sit-ups, and chin-ups....
  • Calistoga (California, United States)
    city, Napa county, western California, U.S. Located just northeast of Santa Rosa, Calistoga lies near the head of Napa Valley, 80 miles (130 km) north of San Francisco. Located in an area of natural hot-water geysers and mineral and mud springs, it was founded in 1859 as a health spa by Sam Brannan. The city supposedly rec...
  • calit bhasa (language)
    ...West Bengal. Two Bengali dialects are significant: Sādhu-Bhāsā, the literary language, which has a vocabulary with many Sanskrit words and is unintelligible to the uneducated; and Calit-Bhāsā, the colloquial speech, which has many contracted forms. Calit-Bhāsā is spoken by the educated Bengalis as well as by the common people; it is based on the ...
  • Calixtin (religious movement)
    any of the spiritual descendants of Jan Hus who believed that the laity, like the clergy, should receive the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine (Latin utraque, “each of two”; calix, “chalice”). Unlike the militant Taborites (also followers of Hus), the Utraquists were moderates and maintained amicable relations with the Rom...
  • Calixtine (religious movement)
    any of the spiritual descendants of Jan Hus who believed that the laity, like the clergy, should receive the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine (Latin utraque, “each of two”; calix, “chalice”). Unlike the militant Taborites (also followers of Hus), the Utraquists were moderates and maintained amicable relations with the Rom...
  • Calixtus, George (German theologian)
    Efforts were undertaken in Germany and Central Europe as well. The German Lutheran George Calixtus called for a united church between Lutherans and Reformed based on the “simplified dogmas,” such as the Apostles’ Creed and the agreements of the church in the first five centuries. Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf applied his Moravian piety to the practical ways that unity might co...
  • Calixtus I, Saint (pope)
    pope from 217? to 222, during the schism of St. Hippolytus, the church’s first antipope. Little was known about Calixtus before the discovery of Philosophumena by Hippolytus, a work that is, in part, a pamphlet directed against him....
  • Calixtus II (pope)
    pope from 1119 to 1124....
  • Calixtus III (pope)
    pope from 1455 to 1458....
  • Calixtus III (antipope)
    antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa....
  • Calkins, Mary Whiton (American philosopher and psychologist)
    philosopher, psychologist, and educator, the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study....
  • call and response (music)
    The most distinctive style element of Eastern Woodlands music is the use of call and response in many dance songs; the leader sings a short melody as a solo and is answered by the dancers in unison. The alternation between leader and dancers creates an antiphonal texture that is otherwise rare among North American Indians. (See also antiphonal singing.) Eastern Woodlands songs feature strop...
  • Call for the Dead (novel by le Carré)
    ...he became a member of the British foreign service in West Germany and continued with the agency until 1964. During this time he began writing novels, and in 1961 his first book, Call for the Dead, was published. More a detective story than a spy story, it introduced the shrewd but self-effacing intelligence agent George Smiley, who became le Carré’s best-k...
  • Call Home the Heart (work by Burke)
    A number of authors wrote proletarian novels attacking capitalist exploitation, as in several novels based on a 1929 strike in the textile mills in Gastonia, N.C., such as Fielding Burke’s Call Home the Heart and Grace Lumpkin’s To Make My Bread (both 1932). Other notable proletarian novels included Jack Conroy’s The Disinherited (1933), ...
  • Call It Sleep (work by Roth)
    ...autobiographical novels set in the Jewish ghetto of New York City’s Lower East Side before World War I: Michael Gold’s harsh Jews Without Money (1930) and Henry Roth’s Proustian Call It Sleep (1934), one of the greatest novels of the decade. They followed in the footsteps of Anzia Yezierska, a prolific writer of the 1920s whose passionate books abo...
  • Call Me Irresponsible (song by Van Heusen and Cahn)
    ...Elven Webb for CleopatraMusic Score (Substantially Original): John Addison for Tom JonesScoring of Music Adaptation or Treatment: André Previn for Irma La DouceSong: “Call Me Irresponsible” from Papa’s Delicate Condition; music by James Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn...
  • Call Me Madam (film by Downs and Lange [1953])
    ...Direction, Color: George W. Davis and Lyle Wheeler for The RobeMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture: Bronislau Kaper for LiliScoring of a Musical Picture: Alfred Newman for Call Me MadamSong: “Secret Love” from Calamity Jane; music by Sammy Fain, lyrics by Paul Francis WebsterHonorary Award: Bell and Howell Company, Joseph I. Breen,......
  • Call Me Madam (musical by Berlin)
    Mesta’s appointment inspired Irving Berlin’s hit musical Call Me Madam, in which Ethel Merman starred (1950–52). During the 1950s Mesta remained Washington’s premier hostess as the informal charm and gaiety of her entertaining attracted the cream of international society. The advent of a new social atmosphere with the Kennedy administration, however, started a de...
  • call money (economics)
    Important changes were introduced into the British monetary system in 1971, but money at call with the discount houses retained its role as a reserve asset. Such is the safety and liquidity of call money that, despite the fractionally lower rate on it compared with other reserve assets, the banks hold about half of their required reserves in this form. This in turn provides the discount houses......
  • call number (library science)
    ...enable patrons to find its materials quickly and easily. While cataloging provides information on the physical and topical nature of the book (or other item), classification, through assignment of a call number (consisting of class designation and author representation), locates the item in its library setting and, ideally, in the realm of knowledge. Arranging similar things in some order......
  • Call of Duty (video game)
    video game that brought new advances to first-person shooter play, winning numerous game of the year awards in 2003 and 2004 following its 2003 debut. Designed by the American company Infinity Ward and produced by Activision, Call of Duty used World War II as a setting, allowing players to see the war through the eyes of American, Soviet, and British soldiers. Call of Duty combined c...
  • “Call of the Bell, The” (work by Iqbāl)
    ...Jawāb-e shikwah (“The Answer to the Complaint”), and Khizr-e rāh (“Khizr, the Guide”), were published later in 1924 in the Urdu collection Bāng-e darā (“The Call of the Bell”). In those works Iqbāl gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. Khizr (Arabic: Khiḍr), the......
  • Call of the Toad, The (work by Grass)
    ...Rat), a vision of the end of the human race that expressed Grass’s fear of nuclear holocaust and environmental disaster; and Unkenrufe (1992; The Call of the Toad), which concerned the uneasy relationship between Poland and Germany. In 1995 Grass published Ein weites Feld (“A Broad Field...
  • Call of the Wild, The (work by London)
    Jack London’s hastily written output is of uneven quality. His Alaskan stories Call of the Wild (1903), White Fang (1906), and Burning Daylight (1910), in which he dramatized in turn atavism, adaptability, and the appeal of the wilderness, are outstanding. In addition to Martin Eden, he wrote two other autobiographical novels of considerable interest: T...
  • call option (economics)
    contractual agreement enabling the holder to buy or sell a security at a designated price for a specified period of time, unaffected by movements in its market price during the period. Put and call options, purchased both for speculative and hedging reasons, are made by persons anticipating changes in stock prices. A put gives its holder an option to sell, or put, shares to the other party at......
  • Call to Australia Christian Party (political party, Australia)
    ...The much smaller Australian Democrats sit in the upper house and with some Independents are able to reject government bills by joining with the main party in opposition. There is also a small Call to Australia Christian Party in the upper house....
  • call-ace euchre (card game)
    Cutthroat euchre is for three players: the maker plays alone against the other two. Call-ace euchre is a cutthroat variant for four to six players. In call-ace euchre, bidding rules follow the basic game. Before play, the maker names any suit trump, and the holder of the highest card of it becomes a silent partner, revealing this fact only by the play. The maker may elect to play alone and may......
  • call-number dialing (telecommunications)
    Call-number dialing...
  • calla (plant)
    either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. As a common name calla is also generally given to several species of Zantedeschia, which are often called calla lilies....
  • calla lily (plant)
    ...contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. As a common name calla is also generally given to several species of Zantedeschia, which are often called calla lilies....
  • Calla palustris (plant)
    either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. As a common name calla is also generally given to several species of Zantedeschia, which are often called calla lilies....
  • Callado, Antônio (Brazilian author)
    Brazilian novelist and leading journalist whose masterpiece, Quarup (1967), tells the story of an idealistic priest who undergoes a religious and political transformation in light of events in Brazil, notably the advent of liberation theology and the 1964 military coup (b. Jan. 26, 1917--d. Jan. 28, 1997)....
  • Callaeas cinerea (bird)
    (species Callaeas cinerea), New Zealand songbird of the family Callaeidae (order Passeriformes). The kokako is 45 cm (17.5 inches) long and has a gray body, black mask, and blue or orange wattles at the corners of the mouth. Surviving in a few mountain forests, the kokako lives mainly on fruits and has a mellow, deliberate song; “organbird” and “bellbird” are lo...
  • Callaeatidae (bird family)
    songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters)....
  • callaeid family (bird family)
    songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters)....
  • Callaeidae (bird family)
    songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters)....
  • Callaghan, James (prime minister of United Kingdom)
    British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979....
  • Callaghan, Leonard James (prime minister of United Kingdom)
    British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979....
  • Callaghan, Morley (Canadian author)
    Canadian novelist and short-story writer....
  • Callaghan, Morley Edward (Canadian author)
    Canadian novelist and short-story writer....
  • Callaghan of Cardiff, James Callaghan, Baron (prime minister of United Kingdom)
    British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979....
  • Callagur borneoensis (reptile)
    ...ponds and streams. As with the softshell turtles, Asia has two of the largest species of pond turtles—the Asian river turtle, or batagur (Batagur baska), and the painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)—with shell lengths to a half-metre (about 20 inches) and weights to 25 kg (55 pounds). Both are tidal-river species,......
  • Callahan, Gene (American art director and designer)
    ...Screenplay: John Osborne for Tom JonesCinematography, Black-and-White: James Wong Howe for HudCinematography, Color: Leon Shamroy for CleopatraArt Direction, Black-and-White: Gene Callahan for America AmericaArt Direction, Color: Herman Blumenthal, Hilyard Brown, John DeCuir, Boris Juraga, Maurice Pelling, Jack Martin Smith, Elven Webb for......
  • Callahan, Harry (American photographer)
    American photographer noted for his innovative photographs of commonplace objects and scenes....
  • Callahan, Harry Morey (American photographer)
    American photographer noted for his innovative photographs of commonplace objects and scenes....
  • callampas (sociology)
    ...other large cities live in high-rise apartments; those in the suburbs reside in ranch-style concrete homes with tile roofs. However, poorer families often inhabit substandard housing in tenements or shantytowns. More than two-fifths of homes in the city of Buenos Aires are rented. Apartments and condominiums account for three-fourths of homes in the capital but only about one-eighth of those in...
  • Callander (Ontario, Canada)
    ...other large cities live in high-rise apartments; those in the suburbs reside in ranch-style concrete homes with tile roofs. However, poorer families often inhabit substandard housing in tenements or shantytowns. More than two-fifths of homes in the city of Buenos Aires are rented. Apartments and condominiums account for three-fourths of homes in the capital but only about one-eighth of those in...
  • Callander (Scotland, United Kingdom)
    small burgh (town), Stirling council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland, on the River Teith. It is a tourist centre on an important entry point into the Highlands, near the Trossachs, Loch Katrine, and the mountain Ben Ledi, which has an elevation of 2,873 feet (876 metres). This romantic and scenic region was described in Sir Wal...
  • Callanish Circle (ancient monument, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    The Outer Hebrides have been inhabited for at least 4,000 years, and prehistoric remains are numerous, including the fine megalithic stone circle at Callanish (Lewis). Equal in importance to Stonehenge, the Callanish megaliths are aligned to make a rough Celtic cross 405 feet (123 metres) north to south and 140 feet (43 metres) east to west. Several smaller stone circles in the area align with......
  • Callanna group (geology)
    ...succession crops out in the region of South Australia between Adelaide and the Flinders Ranges and contains an almost complete sedimentary record of the late Proterozoic. The early Adelaidean Callanna and Burra groups are confined to troughs faulted down into basement. A sheet of sedimentary deposits at the base of the Callanna group was cut by faults into rift valleys that filled with......
  • Callao (Peru)
    city and principal commercial seaport of Peru, located within the 57-square-mile (147-square-kilometre) Callao constitutional provincia (province), directly west of Lima. The mostly urbanized area of the constitutional province is part of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. Callao’s port has one of the few good natural harbours alon...
  • Callao, El (Venezuela)
    town, Bolívar estado (state), eastern Venezuela, on the right bank of the Yuruari River, about 135 miles (272 km) east-southeast of Ciudad Bolívar in the Venezuelan Guiana Highlands. The town has been a gold-mining centre since 1853, following the discovery of the metal in that year, and by 1885 had become the world’s leading producer. The first gold ...
  • Callas, Maria (American singer)
    American operatic soprano who revived classical coloratura roles in the mid-20th century with her lyrical and dramatic versatility....
  • Callaway, Ely Reeves (American manufacturer)
    American golf-equipment manufacturer (b. June 3, 1919, La Grange, Ga.—d. July 5, 2001, Rancho Santa Fe, Calif.), founded the Callaway Golf Co. in 1982; under his leadership the company became the world’s leading manufacturer of golf equipment. His most popular golf club, the oversized “Big Bertha” driver, introduced in 1991, was credited with revolutionizing the sport b...
  • Callaway Gardens (gardens, LaGrange, Georgia, United States)
    ...mansion—one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture in the state and now a national landmark—are popular attractions. Warm Springs, Franklin D. Roosevelt State Park, and the Callaway Gardens are among several nearby recreational facilities. LaGrange College, the state’s oldest independent accredited four-year liberal arts school, was founded in 1831. Quartz is ...
  • Callejas, Rafael Leonardo (president of Honduras)
    ...American democracy, but that image was tarnished in 1986 when another Liberal, José Azcona Hoyo, succeeded Suazo despite having received far fewer votes than the National Party candidate, Rafael Leonardo Callejas. In 1989, however, Callejas won election and took office in 1990, the first time in 57 years that an opposition government had taken office peacefully....
  • Callendar, H. L. (British scientist)
    British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of platinum; since then, platinum resistance thermometers have been prescribed for the determination of temperatures between the defined points of internationally recognized temper...
  • Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (British scientist)
    British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of platinum; since then, platinum resistance thermometers have been prescribed for the determination of temperatures between the defined points of internationally recognized temper...
  • Callendar Steam Tables, The (work by Callendar)
    ...recognized temperature scales. Later he developed the electrical continuous-flow calorimeter, which measures the heat-carrying properties of liquids. In 1915 he published The Callendar Steam Tables and in 1920 Properties of Steam and Thermodynamic Theory of Turbines. The tables are still widely used by engineers and scientists....
  • Callendar’s Consolidated Spectacular Colored Minstrels (American theatrical troupe)
    Minstrel troupes composed of black performers were formed after the Civil War. Some, like the Hicks and Sawyer Minstrels, had black owners and managers; some, including Callendar’s Consolidated Spectacular Colored Minstrels, were popular in both the United States and England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Initially these were all-male companies, including male alto and soprano.....
  • Callender, James (American journalist)
    The story has its origins in 1802, when a journalist of disreputable credentials, James Callender, published the initial accusation in The Richmond Recorder. Callender’s motives were hardly pure. Jefferson had hired him to libel John Adams in the presidential campaign of 1800, and Callender had then turned on Jefferson when the payment for his services did not include a political......
  • Calleria (Peru)
    city, eastern Peru. It lies on the Ucayali River in the hot, humid Amazonian rain forest. Although the community dates from the early colonial era (1534), it remained isolated until 1945, when the Lima-Pucallpa highway, 526 miles (846 km) long, was completed. Pucallpa can be reached by air and by 3,000-ton vessels from Iquitos, downstream on the Amazon River. Pucallpa is a fron...
  • Calles, Plutarco Elías (president of Mexico)
    military and political leader who modernized the revolutionary armies and later became president of Mexico. He was the founder of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR; National Revolutionary Party), which became the major Mexican political party (renamed in 1938 the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana and in 1946 the Partido Revolucionario Institucional)....
  • Calleva Atrebatum (Roman town, United Kingdom)
    ...in the northern part of the administrative and historic county of Hampshire, England, southwest of Reading. Near the small modern village is the deserted site of the important Roman-British town of Calleva Atrebatum, a node of the Roman road system in Britain. Most of the antiquities recovered from the site are in the Reading Museum; the local Calleva Museum illustrates the life of the Roman......
  • Calley, William (United States army officer)
    ...few villagers survived. The incident was initially covered up by high-ranking army officers, but it was later made public by former soldiers. In the ensuing courts-martial, platoon leader Lieutenant William Calley was accused of directing the killings, and in 1971 he was convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to life in prison; five other soldiers were tried and acquitted. Many, however...
  • Calliactis (sea anemone)
    Sea anemones often live in close association with other organisms. The hermit crab Pagurus arrosor carries a single anemone of the genus Calliactis on the seashell it uses as a “house.” When the crab grows too large for its shell, it moves to a new one, transplanting the anemone to the new shell. The hermit crab ......
  • Callianassa (crustacean)
    The blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis, depends entirely upon holes dug by the ghost shrimp (Callianassa) for a home, and is unable to live without its help. Other gobies are known to share holes with burrowing worms, pea crabs, and snapping shrimps....
  • Callias (Greek statesman [4th century BC])
    Athenian ridiculed by the comic poets for his youthful extravagance; later in life he was a successful military commander and diplomat. The grandson of the Callias described above, he was the butt of jokes in the plays of Aristophanes and other poets and was attacked by the orator Andocides in his speech “On the Mysteries.” But Callias was on friendly terms with the Athenian philosph...
  • Callias (Greek statesman [5th century BC])
    diplomat and a notable member of one of the wealthiest families of ancient Athens....
  • Callias, Peace of (ancient Greece-Persia [450/449 BC])
    ...or of the troubles faced by their adversaries. Artaxerxes I faced several rebellions, the most important of which was that of Egypt in 459, not fully suppressed until 454. An advantageous peace (the Peace of Callias) with Athens was signed in 448 bc, whereby the Persians agreed to stay out of the Aegean and the Athenians agreed to leave Asia Minor to the Achaemenids. Athens broke ...
  • Callicarpa americana (plant)
    ...and variegated) that find use as hardy ornamentals and in naturalized landscapes. It may also be grown in pots or in conservatories and succeeds best in a rich, deep, and somewhat moist loam. The beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), with showy violet fruits, is also called French mulberry; it is a 2-metre- (6-foot-) tall shrub in the verbena family (Verbenaceae)....
  • Callicebus (monkey)
    any of about 20 species of small arboreal monkeys that have long furred tails and are found in South American rainforests, especially along the Amazon and other rivers. Titis have long, soft, glossy fur and rather flat, high faces set in small, round heads. Even the largest species weighs less than 2 kg (4.4 pounds), and they measure about 25–60 cm (10...
  • Callicebus moloch (primate)
    ...display. Specialized touches with the hands are now suspected to be precopulatory signals in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Individuals of the South American monkey Callicebus moloch rest together in trees with their tails intertwined, a tactile display that probably serves a function similar to that served by allogrooming in social groups of baboons and macaques....
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