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  • calorie (unit of measurement)
    a unit of energy or heat variously defined. The calorie was originally defined as the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius. Since 1925 this calorie has been defined in terms of the joule, the definition since 1948 being that one calorie is equal to approximately 4.2 joules. Because the quantity of heat represe...
  • calorie, food (unit of measurement)
    In a popular use of the term calorie, dietitians loosely use it to mean the kilocalorie, sometimes called the kilogram calorie, or large Calorie (equal to 1,000 calories), in measuring the calorific, heating, or metabolizing value of foods. Thus, the “calories” counted for dietary reasons are in fact kilocalories, with the “kilo-” prefix omitted; in scientific notations...
  • calorific value (energy)
    Calorific value, measured in British thermal units or megajoules per kilogram, is the amount of chemical energy stored in a coal that is released as thermal energy upon combustion. It is directly related to rank; in fact, the ASTM method uses calorific value to classify coals at or below the rank of high-volatile bituminous (above that rank, coals are classified by fixed-carbon content). The......
  • calorigen (plant physiology)
    ...the smelly, receptive stage, and cross-pollination again ensues. Superb timing mechanisms underlie these events. The heat-generating metabolic process in the inflorescence is triggered by a hormone, calorigen, originating in the male flower buds only under the right conditions. The giant inflorescences of the tropical plant Amorphophallus titanum similarly trap large carrion beetles....
  • calorimeter (instrument)
    device for measuring the heat developed during a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction, and for calculating the heat capacity of materials. ...
  • calorimetry (physics)
    ...and the work performed during muscle contraction must originate in similar processes, and that fuel in the equation above is a source of potential energy. Early in the 20th century studies of animal calorimetry verified these concepts in man and other animals. Calorimetry studies showed that the energy produced by the metabolism of foodstuffs in an animal equals that produced by the combustion....
  • Caloris (basin, Mercury)
    Caloris is one of the youngest of the large multiring basins, at least on the observed portion of Mercury. It probably was formed at the same time as the last giant basins on the Moon, about 3.9 billion years ago. Messenger images revealed another, much smaller basin with a prominent interior ring that may have formed much more recently (it was named Raditladi)....
  • Calosoma scrutator (insect)
    The searcher, or caterpillar hunter (Calosoma scrutator), is a common, brightly coloured North American ground beetle about 35 mm (1.5 inches) long. Its green or violet wings are edged in red, and its body has violet-blue, gold, and green markings. This and related species of ground beetles are known to climb trees in search of caterpillars. They secrete an acidic fluid that can blister......
  • Calosphaeriales (order of fungi)
    ...black and shiny; some with irregular stromata; included in subclass Sordariomycetidae; examples of genera include Camarops and Apiocamarops.Order CalosphaerialesSaprobic; ascospores small; included in subclass Sordariomycetidae; examples of genera include Calosphaeria, Togniniella, and......
  • Calotes (reptile genus)
    genus of arboreal (tree-dwelling) lizards of the family Agamidae, remarkable for their extreme colour changes when excited. It is found in gardens and forests of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and some Pacific islands. The taxonomy is uncertain, however, and about 21 species, differing primarily in scale...
  • calotropis floss (plant fibre)
    downy seed fibre obtained from Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, plants of the Apocynaceae family. The plants are native to southern Asia and Africa and were introduced to South America and the islands of the Caribbean. The yellowish material is made up of thin fibres 2 to 3 cm (0.75 to 1.12 inches) long and 12 to 42 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter and is harve...
  • Calotropis gigantea (plant)
    downy seed fibre obtained from Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, plants of the Apocynaceae family. The plants are native to southern Asia and Africa and were introduced to South America and the islands of the Caribbean. The yellowish material is made up of thin fibres 2 to 3 cm (0.75 to 1.12 inches) long and 12 to 42 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter and is......
  • Calotropis procera (plant)
    downy seed fibre obtained from Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, plants of the Apocynaceae family. The plants are native to southern Asia and Africa and were introduced to South America and the islands of the Caribbean. The yellowish material is made up of thin fibres 2 to 3 cm (0.75 to 1.12 inches) long and 12 to 42 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter and is......
  • calotype (photography)
    early photographic technique invented by William Henry Fox Talbot of Great Britain in the 1830s. In this technique, a sheet of paper coated with silver chloride was exposed to light in a camera obscura; those areas hit by light became dark in tone, yielding a negative image. The revolutionary aspect of the process lay in Talbot’s discovery of a chemical...
  • Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portuguese philanthropic society)
    ...an auditorium, and an arts complex. It is but one component of the city’s network of cultural centres, public libraries, and research institutes. Another prominent cultural institution, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and Museum, presents music and ballet, exhibits other fine arts, and displays the broad-ranging personal collection of its eponymous benefactor, an Armenian oil-lease......
  • Calouste Gulbenkian, Museo (museum, Lisbon, Portugal)
    museum in Lisbon, Port., featuring a renowned and eclectic collection of ancient and modern art....
  • Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (museum, Lisbon, Portugal)
    museum in Lisbon, Port., featuring a renowned and eclectic collection of ancient and modern art....
  • Calpak (American company)
    ...and, in 1899, 11 of the state’s biggest canners merged under the name California Fruit Canners Association. In 1916 CFCA drew in two more canners and a food brokerage house, incorporated itself as California Packing Corporation, or Calpak, and began marketing its products under the Del Monte brand. The new company then operated more than 60 canneries, some in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, a...
  • Calprenède, Gaultier de Coste, Seigneur de La (French author)
    author of sentimental, adventurous, pseudohistorical romances that were immensely popular in 17th-century France. To this rambling and diffuse genre he imparted vigour through swift-moving plots....
  • calpulli (anthropology)
    A number of households, varying from a few score to several hundred, were organized into an internally complex corporate group referred to as a calpulli by the Aztec and translated as barrio (“ward”) by the Spaniards. Questions about the structure and function of this level of Aztec organization have caused a great deal of debate among Meso-American specialists. It is clear,......
  • Calpurnia (fictional character)
    ...He persuades the reluctant Brutus—Caesar’s trusted friend—to join them. Brutus, troubled and sleepless, finds comfort in the companionship of his noble wife, Portia. Caesar’s wife, Calpurnia, alarmed by prophetic dreams, warns her husband not to go to the Capitol the next day (for Caesar’s response, see video). Then, as planned, Caesar is slain in the S...
  • Calpurnius Siculus (Roman poet)
    Roman poet, author of seven pastoral eclogues, probably written when Nero was emperor (ad 54–68)....
  • Caltabellotta, Peace of (Italian history)
    ...Nicholas IV as intermediaries. Charles promised to give up his claim to Sicily, but, once released, the Pope absolved him from his promise and the war for Sicily continued. It was resolved by the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302), under which Charles agreed to give up his claim to Sicily during the lifetime of Frederick III of Aragon (ruled Sicily 1296–1337)....
  • Caltanissetta (Italy)
    city, central Sicily, Italy. The city lies in the mountains west of the Salso River at an elevation of 1,929 feet (588 m). It is sometimes identified with the ancient cities of Gibil-Habib or Sabucino, but its recorded history does not begin until the Norman occupation (1086). The name is believed to be derived from the ancient Nissa and the Arabic prefix qalʾat...
  • CalTech (university, Pasadena, California, United States)
    private coeducational university and research institute in Pasadena, California, U.S., emphasizing graduate and undergraduate instruction and research in pure and applied science and engineering. The institute comprises six divisions: biology; chemistry and chemical engineering; engineering and applied science; geologic and planetary sciences; humanities and s...
  • Caltex (American business group)
    Company geologists discovered vast quantities of oil in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia in the early 1930s, and in 1936 a marketing enterprise was formed—the Caltex group of companies, owned jointly by Standard Oil of California and Texaco. In 1939 the California company began operations in Louisiana and later offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Canadian production began in 1941. Subsidiaries and......
  • Caltha palustris (plant)
    perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) native to wetlands in Europe and North America. It is grown in boggy wild gardens....
  • Calton Hill (hill, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    At the east end of Princes Street, Calton Hill rises above the central government office of St. Andrew’s House (1939) and the adjacent Royal High School (1825–29), considered for a time in the 1990s as the site for the new Scottish Parliament. It is crowned by the 19th-century architect William Playfair’s City Observatory (1818) and a charming Gothic house by Craig, built for ...
  • Cālukya dynasty (Indian dynasties)
    either of two ancient Indian dynasties. The Western Cālukyas ruled as emperors in the Deccan (i.e., peninsular India) from ad 543 to 757 and again from about 975 to about 1189. The Eastern Cālukyas ruled in Veṅgi (in eastern Andhra Pradesh) from about 624 to about 1070....
  • Cālukya dynasty, Eastern (Indian dynasty)
    ...who are associated with Vatapi in the 6th century. The Calukyas controlled large parts of the Deccan for two centuries. There were many branches of the family, the most important of which were the Eastern Calukyas, ruling at Pishtapura (modern Pithapuram in the Godavari River delta) in the early 7th century; the Calukyas of Vemulavada (near Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh); and the renascent later.....
  • Calumet (American Indian culture)
    one of the central ceremonial objects of the Northeast Indians and Plains Indians of North America, it was an object of profound veneration that was smoked on ceremonial occasions. Many Native Americans continued to venerate the Sacred Pipe in the early 21st century....
  • Calumet City (Illinois, United States)
    city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A southern suburb of Chicago, Calumet City lies on the Illinois-Indiana state border and along the Little Calumet River, southeast of Lake Calumet. The area was first settled in the 1860s by Hans Johann Schrum, a German immigrant who produced maple syrup and potatoes on his lands and owned a pickle works. Beginnin...
  • Calumet District (area, Indiana, United States)
    heavily industrialized area, mostly in Lake county, northwestern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, adjacent to southeastern Chicago. Following the establishment of steel plants in Gary at the start of the 20th century, the area developed from a swampy sand-dune waste into a major sector of the Chicago industrial web, comprising o...
  • Calumet Farm (horse farm, Kentucky, United States)
    American financier, owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses, and proprietor of Calumet Farm....
  • Calumet Sag Channel (channel, Illinois, United States)
    ...maritime traffic. A second important body of water, Lake Calumet, is located in the industrial southeastern part of the city; it is connected to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal by the Calumet Sag (Cal-Sag) Channel and to Lake Michigan by the Calumet River....
  • Calumny of Apelles, The (work by Botticelli)
    ...Classical borrowings and his meticulous use of linear perspective. The work that best illustrates Botticelli’s interest in reviving the glories of Classical antiquity is the The Calumny of Apelles (c. 1495), a subject recommended by Alberti, who took it from a description of a work by the ancient Greek painter Apelles. Botticelli also drew inspiration ...
  • Caluromys derbianus (mammal)
    Woolly opossums include the three species of Caluromys, found from southern Mexico to Brazil, the two species of Glironia, of the northern Andes, andDromiciops australis, of Chile. The gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum) and the brown four-eyed, or rat-tailed, opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus) have a pair......
  • Calusa (people)
    North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. According to some authorities their territory also extended inland as far as Lake Okeechobee. Their linguistic affiliation is not certain. Their estimated population in 1650 was 3,000 living in 50 villages. The Calusa relied more on the sea t...
  • calusari (dance)
    ...examples are the Perchten dancer-masqueraders of Austria, the ritual dances such as the moriscas (or moriscos), santiagos, and matachinas of the Mediterranean and Latin America, and the călușari of Romania. The wide distribution of such dances suggests an ancient Indo-European origin. A common feature of many of them is that of a group of dancing men......
  • calutron (scientific instrument)
    ...achieved by Fermi and his group on Dec. 2, 1942, in the squash court under the stands of the university’s Stagg Field. At Berkeley, the cyclotron, converted into a mass spectrograph (later called a calutron), was exceeding expectations in separating uranium-235, and it was enlarged to a 10-calutron system capable of producing almost 3 grams (about 0.1 ounce) of uranium-235 per day....
  • Calvados (department, France)
    région of France encompassing the northwestern départements of Orne, Calvados, and Manche. It is bounded by the régions of Haute-Normandie to the northeast, Centre to the southeast, Pays de la Loire to the south, and Brittany (Bretagne) to the southwest. The......
  • Calvary (painting by Bassano)
    ...Bassano’s art matured, his brushstrokes became looser and the forms and masses of his compositions became larger and more lively—a development that resulted in such frescolike canvases as his “Calvary” (c. 1538–40). About 1540, he was greatly influenced by the elegance of the Florentine and Roman Mannerists. He especially admired the graceful attenuatio...
  • Calvary (hill, Jerusalem)
    (from Latin calva: “bald head,” or “skull”), skull-shaped hill in Jerusalem, the site of Jesus’ Crucifixion. It is referred to in all four Gospels. The hill of execution was outside the city walls of Jerusalem, apparently near a road and not far from the sepulchre where Jesus was buried. Its exact location is uncertain, but most scholars prefer either the...
  • Calvatia (fungi)
    Calvatia is a genus of about 35 species that are especially common in temperate regions. The giant puffball (C. gigantea), edible while young and white inside, is found in late summer on wet humus or soil. The fruiting body may be as large as 120 cm (4 feet) across and contain 1013 spores....
  • Calvatia gigantea (fungus)
    ...club-shaped structures (basidia). Basidiocarps are found among the members of the phylum Basidiomycota (q.v.), with the exception of the rust and smut fungi. The largest basidiocarps include giant puffballs (Calvatia gigantea), which can be 1.6 m (5.25 feet) long, 1.35 m broad, and 24 cm (9.5 inches) high, and those of bracket fungi (Polyporus squamosus)—2 m in......
  • Calvé, Emma (French singer)
    operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet’s Carmen....
  • Calvert (county, Maryland, United States)
    county, south-central Maryland, U.S., consisting of a tidewater peninsula lying between the Patuxent River to the west and south and Chesapeake Bay to the east. Calvert Cliffs State Park towers over the bay, exposing fossils from the Miocene Epoch that are 15 to 20 million years old. The county was created in 1654. Originally called Patuxent county, it was ren...
  • Calvert, Alan (American businessman)
    Lifting various weighted objects had been growing in popularity since the late 19th century, mainly due to the efforts of Alan Calvert, a Philadelphia businessman who was inspired by Sandow’s performance at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Calvert virtually started the “iron game” (as lifting weighted objects came to be called after the invention of ...
  • Calvert, Cecilius (British statesman)
    Kent Island was included in the proprietorial grant to Lord Baltimore in 1632, despite Claiborne’s opposition in London to the grant. When Claiborne resisted Baltimore’s claim to the island, the proprietor ordered his governor in Maryland to seize the settlement. Claiborne thereupon sailed to England in 1637, attempting to justify his claim, but the commissioner of plantations ruled ...
  • Calvert, Charles (British statesman)
    English statesman who was commissioned governor of the American colony of Maryland in 1661 and succeeded as proprietor of the colony in 1675....
  • Calvert, Frederick (English archaeologist)
    ...the Santorin eruption to 2000 bc, which suggested a great antiquity for Fouqué’s finds and the existence of prehistoric cultures hitherto unknown in the Aegean. The English archaeologist Frederick Calvert had dug at Hisarlık, and in 1871 Schliemann took up his work at this large man-made mound. He believed that the Homeric Troy must be in the lowest level of t...
  • Calvert, Leonard (British colonial governor)
    first governor of Maryland colony....
  • Calvert, Phyllis (British actress)
    British actress (b. Feb. 18, 1915, London, Eng.—d. Oct. 8, 2002, London), brought grace and elegance to British melodramas of the 1940s. Originally a stage actress, she gained renown in such popular films as The Man in Grey (1943), Fanny by Gaslight (1944), and Madonna of the Seven Moons (1944). Calvert’s screen success in Britain did not carry over to Hollywood,...
  • Calvert, Sir George (British statesman)
    English statesman who projected the founding of the North American province of Maryland, in an effort to find a sanctuary for practicing Roman Catholics....
  • Calvet, Rosa Emma (French singer)
    operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet’s Carmen....
  • Calvin and Hobbes (comic strip by Watterson)
    American newspaper comic strip that ran from 1985 to 1995, chronicling the high jinks of Calvin, a six-year-old boy, and his pet tiger, Hobbes. Calvin and Hobbes was renowned for its vivid portrayal of a child’s imagination....
  • Calvin cycle (chemistry)
    ...synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. The most common pathways for synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide are the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway (see photosynthesis: The process of photosynthesis: carbon fixation and reduction). The Calvin cycle, elucida...
  • Calvin, Genevieve (American law enforcement officer)
    In 1942 Calvin married Genevieve Jemtegaard, with later Nobel chemistry laureate Glenn T. Seaborg as best man. The married couple collaborated on an interdisciplinary project to investigate the chemical factors in the Rh blood group system. Genevieve was a juvenile probation officer, but, according to Calvin’s autobiography, “she spent a great deal of time actually in the laboratory....
  • Calvin, Jean (French theologian)
    theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but elaborated in later editions; Institutes of the Christian Religion), ...
  • Calvin, John (French theologian)
    theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but elaborated in later editions; Institutes of the Christian Religion), ...
  • Calvin, Melvin (American biochemist)
    American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis....
  • Calvin-Benson cycle (chemistry)
    ...synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. The most common pathways for synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide are the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway (see photosynthesis: The process of photosynthesis: carbon fixation and reduction). The Calvin cycle, elucida...
  • calving (glacier)
    The ice sheets lose material by several processes, including surface melting, evaporation, wind erosion (deflation), iceberg calving, and the melting of the bottom surfaces of floating ice shelves by warmer seawater....
  • calving (animals)
    Calving of beef cows is arranged to occur in the spring months to take advantage of the large supplies of cheap and high-quality pasture forages. Fall calving is less common and occurs generally in regions where winters are moderate and supplies of pasture forage are available throughout the year. Calves are normally weaned at eight to ten months of age because beef cows produce very little......
  • Calvinism (Christianity)
    the theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and its development by his followers. The term also refers to doctrines and practices derived from the works of Calvin and his followers that are characteristic of the Reformed churches....
  • Calvinistic Methodist Church
    church that developed out of the Methodist revivals in Wales in the 18th century. The early leaders were Howel Harris, a layman who became an itinerant preacher after a religious experience of conversion in 1735, and Daniel Rowlands, an Anglican curate in Cardiganshire who experienced a similar conversion. After the two men met in 1737, they began cooperating in their work and were responsible for...
  • Calvino, Italo (Italian author)
    Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist, whose whimsical and imaginative fables made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers in the 20th century....
  • Calvo Doctrine (international law)
    a body of international rules regulating the jurisdiction of governments over aliens and the scope of their protection by their home states, as well as the use of force in collecting indemnities....
  • Calvo Sotelo, José (Spanish political leader)
    ...followed his youth leader Ramón Serrano Súñer into the Falange. He remained chief opposition spokesman in the Cortes, but was increasingly eclipsed there by the monarchist José Calvo Sotelo. He was an intended victim of the plot responsible for Calvo Sotelo’s murder (July 1936). Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, he went to Lisbon to set up a mission wi...
  • Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo (prime minister of Spain)
    Spanish politician who was Spain’s second prime minister (February 1981–December 1982) to preside over the country’s difficult transition from Francisco Franco’s military dictatorship to a modern constitutional monarchy. Calvo Sotelo survived an attempted right-wing coup during his inauguration on Feb. 23, 1981; within two days King Juan Carlos had rallied support for t...
  • Calvus, Gaius Licinius Macer (Roman poet)
    Roman poet and orator who, as a poet, followed his friend Catullus in style and choice of subjects....
  • calx (chemistry)
    ...Greek, meaning “burned”). Stahl believed that the corrosion of metals in air (e.g., the rusting of iron) was also a form of combustion, so that when a metal was converted to its calx, or metallic ash (its oxide, in modern terms), phlogiston was lost. Therefore, metals were composed of calx and phlogiston. The function of air was merely to carry away the liberated......
  • Calycanthaceae (plant family)
    The members of Calycanthaceae differ from most of the other families in Laurales in having seeds with a large embryo and little if any endosperm at maturity. Except for Idiospermum, the leaves of Calycanthaceae species tend to be thinner and softer than other members of Laurales because they are deciduous plants of the temperate zone. The pollen sacs on the numerous stamens dehisce by......
  • Calycanthus (plant)
    one of two species of small ornamental trees of the family Calycanthaceae, with aromatic bark and sweet-scented flowers, both native to North America....
  • Calycanthus floridus (plant)
    The name allspice is applied to several other aromatic shrubs as well, especially to one of the sweet shrubs, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), a handsome flowering shrub native to the southeastern United States and often cultivated in England. Other allspices include: the Japanese allspice (Chimonanthus praecox), native to eastern Asia and planted as an ornamental in......
  • Calycanthus occidentalis (plant)
    ...egg-shaped fruiting body contains many dry, single-seeded achenes. Calycanthus floridus (Carolina allspice), a shrub about 3 metres (10 feet) tall from the southeastern United States, and C. occidentalis, from northern California, are both cultivated in North America and other temperate areas....
  • Calyceraceae (plant family)
    family of small and economically unimportant dicotyledonous flowering plants containing six genera (Boöpis, Calycera, Acicarpha, Acarpha, Gamocarpha, and Moschopsis) with 60 species distributed in Central and South America. One species (Acicarpha tribuloides) occurs as a roadside weed in Florida....
  • calyces (anatomy)
    ...that is curved to one side, is almost completely enclosed in the deep indentation on the concave side of the kidney, the sinus. The large end of the pelvis has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder....
  • Calydon (ancient city, Greece)
    ancient Aetolian town in Greece, located on the Euenus (Évinos) River about 6 miles (9.5 km) east of modern Mesolóngion. According to tradition, the town was founded by Calydon, son of Aetolus; Meleager and other heroes hunted the Calydonian boar there (see Meleager); and Calydonians participated in the Trojan War. The Achaeans controlled the town in 389 ...
  • Calydonian boar hunt (Greek mythology)
    in Greek mythology, the leader of the Calydonian boar hunt. The Iliad relates how Meleager’s father, King Oeneus of Calydon, had omitted to sacrifice to Artemis, who sent a wild boar to ravage the country. Meleager collected a band of heroes to hunt it, and he eventually killed it himself. The Calydonians and the Curetes (neighbouring warriors who aided in the hunt) then quarrelled o...
  • Calymene (trilobite)
    genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) dating from the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions or actual remains of appendages are preserved. Calymene and its close relative Flexicalymene are frequently preserved as tightly rolled fossils. The rolling may be either a death posit...
  • Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (bacillum)
    ...sexually transmitted disease occurring predominantly in tropical areas and characterized by deep purulent ulcers on or near the genital organs. Encapsulated bacilli called Donovan bodies (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) occur in smears from the lesions or in biopsy material and are thought to be the cause of the disease. Granuloma inguinale is treated......
  • Calypso (ship)
    Cousteau became a capitaine de corvette in the French navy in 1948 and president of the French Oceanographic Campaigns and commander of the ship Calypso in 1950. He became director of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco in 1957....
  • Calypso (Greek mythology)
    in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Titan Atlas (or Oceanus or Nereus), a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia. In Homer’s Odyssey, Book V (also Books I and VII), she entertained the Greek hero Odysseus for seven years, but she could not overcome his longing for home even by promising him immortality. At last the god Hermes was sent by ...
  • calypso (music)
    a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a local and topical event of political and social import, and the tone is one of allusion, mockery, and double entendre....
  • Calypso (astronomy)
    ...satellites, but, because Tethys and Dione are much more massive than their co-orbiters, there is no significant exchange of angular momentum. Instead, Tethys’s two co-orbiters, Telesto and Calypso, are located at the stable Lagrangian points along Tethys’s orbit, leading and following Tethys by 60°, respectively, analogous to the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter’s orbit. ...
  • Calypso bulbosa (orchid)
    (Calypso bulbosa), terrestrial orchid native to North America and Eurasia, the only species in its genus. It thrives in cool forests and bogs....
  • Calypte helenae (bird)
    ...western South America, is only about 20 cm (8 inches) long, with a body weight of about 20 g (23 ounce), less than that of most sparrows. The smallest species, the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga, sometimes Calypte, helenae) of Cuba and the Isle of Pines, measures slightly more than 5.5 cm, of which the bill and tail make up about half. Weighing about...
  • Calyptomena viridis (bird)
    ...ranges from the Himalayas to Borneo. It has a green body, black-and-yellow head, and a graduated blue tail. A minor group of quiet, solitary fruit eaters is represented by the 15-centimetre (6-inch) lesser green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), of Malaysia; it is green, with a stubby tail and a puff of feathers over its bill....
  • calyptra (plant structure)
    ...remains in the archegonium and undergoes many mitotic cell divisions to produce an embryonic sporophyte. The lower cells of the archegonium also divide and produce a protective structure, called the calyptra, that sheathes the growing embryo....
  • Calyptraeacea (gastropod superfamily)
    ...plants; some species used for human food; conchs (Strombidae) of tropical oceans and the pelican’s foot shells (Aporrhaidae) of near Arctic waters.Superfamily CalyptraeaceaCap shells (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many sp...
  • Calyptraeidae (gastropod family)
    ...and the pelican’s foot shells (Aporrhaidae) of near Arctic waters.Superfamily CalyptraeaceaCap shells (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex reversal, becoming males early in life, then changing into females...
  • calyptrogen (biochemistry)
    ...living parenchyma cells called the root cap. As the cells of the root cap are destroyed and sloughed off, new parenchyma cells are added by a special internal layer of meristematic cells called the calyptrogen. Root hairs also begin to develop as simple extensions of protodermal cells near the root apex. They greatly increase the surface area of the root and facilitate the absorption of water.....
  • Calyptrogyne (plant genus)
    ...that are associated in some way with most palms. Few modern studies have been done, but obvious adaptations for insect pollination can be found in many palms. Bats have been found to pollinate Calyptrogyne in Costa Rica....
  • Calyssozoa (invertebrate)
    any member of the phylum Entoprocta, a group of aquatic invertebrate animals composed of about 150 species. Entoprocts occur throughout the world, primarily in marine habitats, although one genus, Urnatella, is a freshwater form. Entoprocts may either exist singly or form colonies of communicating members, called zooids, by budding. The zooids measure only about 0.4 to 5 ...
  • Calystegia sepium (plant)
    ...related genera Convolvulus and Calystegia (morning glory family; Convolvulaceae), mostly twining, often weedy, and producing handsome white, pink, or blue, funnel-shaped flowers. Bellbine, or greater bindweed (Calystegia sepium), native in Eurasia and North America, bears arrow-shaped leaves and white to pink, 5-cm (2-inch) flowers. This twining perennial grows from......
  • Calystegia soldanella (plant)
    ...This twining perennial grows from creeping, underground stems and is common in hedges, woods, and along roadsides. Its range tends to coincide with that of its principal pollinator, the hawkmoth. Sea bindweed (C. soldanella), with fleshy, kidney-shaped leaves and deep pink, 5-cm blooms, creeps along European seaside sand and gravel. Several Convolvulus species are widespread or......
  • calyx (plant anatomy)
    ...flower parts are usually arrayed in whorls (or cycles) but may also be disposed spirally, especially if the axis is elongate. There are commonly four distinct whorls of flower parts: (1) an outer calyx consisting of sepals; within it lies (2) the corolla, consisting of petals; (3) the androecium, or group of stamens; and in the centre is (4) the gynoecium, consisting of the pistils....
  • calyx (anatomy)
    ...that is curved to one side, is almost completely enclosed in the deep indentation on the concave side of the kidney, the sinus. The large end of the pelvis has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder....
  • calyx krater (pottery)
    ...inverted bell, with loop handles and a disk foot; the volute krater, with an egg-shaped body and handles that rise from the shoulder and curl in a volute (scroll-shaped form) well above the rim; the calyx krater, the shape of which spreads out like the cup or calyx of a flower; and the column krater, with columnar handles rising from the shoulder to a flat, projecting lip rim. ...
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