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  • Calzabigi, Ranieri (Italian poet)
    Italian poet, librettist, and music theorist who exerted an important influence on Christoph Willibald Gluck’s reforms in opera....
  • Calzaghe, Joe (Welsh boxer)
    Welsh professional boxer. At the start of the 21st century, he ranked as the longest-reigning champion in professional boxing history, with an undefeated record in both the super middleweight and light heavyweight categories....
  • CAM
    Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computer systems to assist in the planning, control, and management of production operations. This is accomplished by either direct or indirect connections between the computer and production operations. In the case of the direct connection, the computer is used to monitor or control the processes in the factory. Computer process monitoring......
  • cam (machine component)
    machine component that either rotates or moves back and forth (reciprocates) to create a prescribed motion in a contacting element known as a follower. The shape of the contacting surface of the cam is determined by the prescribed motion and the profile of the follower; the latter is usually flat or circular....
  • CAM (biochemistry)
    ...the 1970s Edelman shifted his research to focus on questions outside of immunology: specifically, how the body—the brain in particular—develops. In 1975 he discovered substances called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which “glue” cells together to form tissues. Edelman found that, as the brain develops, CAMs bind neurons together to form the brain’s basic circ...
  • Cam, Diogo (Portuguese navigator)
    Portuguese navigator and explorer....
  • cam follower (engineering)
    The hydraulic lifter comprises a cam follower that is moved up and down by contact with the cam profile, and an inner bore into which the valve lifter is closely fitted and retained by a spring clip. The valve lifter, in turn, is a cup closed at the top by a freely moving cylindrical plug that has a socket at the top to fit the lower end of the pushrod. This plug is pushed upward by a light......
  • Cam Lam (port, Vietnam)
    city, south-central Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The United States military intervention in South Vietnam in 1965 created new installations and airfields, many of them at Cam Ranh. Pop. (1989) 114,041....
  • Cam Linh (bay, Vietnam)
    The Binh Ba Bay, or outer bay, with Binh Ba Island lying off the tip of Point Cam Linh, offers some protection to ships at anchor, but the 1-mile- (1.6-kilometre-) wide strait that opens into the inner bay of Cam Linh provides year-round protection from monsoons and typhoons. On the western shore of Cam Linh is the site of the former French naval base and port of Ba Ngoi (now Cam Lam). On the......
  • cam pump (device)
    ...of operation, can be divided into two main classes, reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating pumps include piston, plunger, and diaphragm types; rotary pumps include gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps....
  • Cam Ranh (Vietnam)
    city, south-central Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The United States military intervention in South Vietnam in 1965 created new installations and airfields, many of them at Cam Ranh. Pop. (1989) 114,041....
  • Cam Ranh Bay (bay, Vietnam)
    a two-part deepwater inlet on the South China Sea, south-central Vietnam. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long from north to south and up to 10 miles (16 km) wide. It has been called the finest deepwater shelter in Southeast Asia....
  • Cam, River (river, England, United Kingdom)
    Cambridge has good rail and road access to London, about 60 miles (95 km) south. During the medieval period the River Cam was extensively used for water transport, the local wharfing facilities (which have gradually disappeared) being in heavy demand during the annual period of Stourbridge Fair. Today the Cam is extensively used for pleasure boating, punting, and canoeing....
  • Camacho, Manuel Ávila (president of Mexico)
    soldier and moderate statesman whose presidency (1940–46) saw a consolidation of the social reforms of the Mexican Revolution and the beginning of an unprecedented period of friendship with the United States....
  • Camaenidae (gastropod family)
    ...(Oleaciniidae) and herbivorous (Sagdidae) snails of the Neotropical region.Superfamily HelicaceaLand snails without (Oreohelicidae and Camaenidae) or with (Bradybaenidae, Helminthoglyptidae, and Helicidae) accessory glands on the genitalia; dominant land snails in most regions, including the edible snails of Europe......
  • Camagüey (Cuba)
    city, east-central Cuba. Founded in 1514 as Santa María de Puerto Príncipe, at the site of present-day Nuevitas, the city was moved inland in 1528 to the Indian village of Camagüey. The prosperity of the colonial city led to a raid by buccaneers in 1668....
  • camaieu (painting)
    painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating in the ancient world, camaieu was used in miniature painting to simulate cameos and in architectural decorati...
  • camaieux (painting)
    painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating in the ancient world, camaieu was used in miniature painting to simulate cameos and in architectural decorati...
  • Camaldolese, Ambrogio (Italian translator)
    Humanist, ecclesiastic, and patristic translator who helped effect the brief reunion of the Eastern and Western churches in the 15th century. He entered the Camaldolese Order in 1400 at Florence, where, over a period of 30 years, he mastered Latin and particularly Greek, which enabled him to translate Greek patristic works into Latin, including those of SS. Athanasius the Great ...
  • Camaldolese Order (Roman Catholicism)
    an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. The order combined the solitary life of the hermit with an austere form of the common life of the monk. The monastery and the hermitage formed one unit. Beginners resided in the monastery; the proficient and mor...
  • camanachd (sport)
    game played outdoors with sticks and a small, hard ball in which two opposing teams attempt to hit the ball through their opponents’ goal (hail); it is similar to the Irish game of hurling and to field hockey. Shinty probably originated in chaotic mass games between Scottish Highland clans at least as early as the 17th century, and it is still played in Scotland under supervision of the Cam...
  • Camar (Hindu caste)
    widespread caste in northern India whose hereditary occupation is tanning leather; the name is derived from the Sanskrit word carmakara (“skin worker”). The Camars are divided into more than 150 subcastes, all of which are characterized by well-organized panchayats (governing councils). Members of the c...
  • Câmara, Hélder Pessoa (Brazilian bishop)
    Roman Catholic prelate whose progressive views on social questions brought him into frequent conflict with Brazil’s military rulers after 1964. Câmara was an early and important figure in the movement that came to be known as liberation theology in the late 1970s....
  • Câmara, João da (Portuguese author)
    ...of Santarém”), and especially Frei Luís de Sousa (1843; Brother Luiz de Sousa), he produced a national theatre on historical themes. João da Camara inherited the theatre that Garrett created and became Portugal’s outstanding dramatist at the end of the 19th century with such works as Afonso VI (1890),......
  • Camaracum (France)
    town, Nord département, Nord-Pas-de-Calais région, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the Romans, and its bishops were made counts by the German king Henry I in the 10th century. Cambrai was long a bone of contention among ...
  • camaradería (sociology)
    ...Pocomam practice ritual kinship involving the choosing of godparents for children at baptism, marriage, or other major occasions. Young unmarried men also enter into ritual friendships called camaradería. There is a rigid class system, status being based on age and wealth. The Pocomam adhere to an admixture of Roman Catholicism, pagan mythology, and belief in sacred places and......
  • Camarasauridae (dinosaur)
    Sauropods and theropods were saurischian dinosaurs. The sauropods evolved into several major subgroups: Cetiosauridae, Brachiosauridae (including Brachiosaurus), Camarasauridae (including Camarasaurus), Diplodocidae (including Diplodocus and Apatosaurus), and Titanosauridae. The smaller sauropods reached a length of up to 15 metres (50 feet), while larger species......
  • Camarasaurus (dinosaur)
    a group of dinosaurs that lived during the Late Jurassic Period (161 million to 146 million years ago), fossils of which are found in western North America; they are among the most commonly found of all sauropod remains....
  • Camargo, Alberto Lleras (president of Colombia)
    The arrangement for the National Front government—a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals—was made by Alberto Lleras Camargo, representing the Liberals, and Laureano Gómez, leader of the Conservative Party, in the Declaration of Sitges (1957). The unique agreement provided for alternation of Conservatives and Liberals in the presidency, an equal sharing of ministerial and......
  • Camargo, Iberê Bassanti (Brazilian artist)
    Brazilian artist (b. Nov. 18, 1914, Restinga Sêca, Brazil--d. Aug. 9, 1994, Pôrto Alegre, Brazil), was a leading Abstract Expressionist painter who experimented with colour and form, using bold gestures and heavy paint encrusted on huge canvases. Camargo, who confessed that his first toys were a pencil and paper, was a loner who drew inspiration from childhood memories of his native...
  • Camargo, Marie-Anne de Cupis de (French ballerina)
    ballerina of the Paris Opéra remembered for her numerous technical innovations....
  • Camargo Society (British organization)
    group credited with keeping ballet alive in England during the early 1930s. Named after Marie Camargo, the noted 18th-century ballerina, the society was formed in 1930 by Philip J.S. Richardson, the editor of Dancing Times, the critic Arnold Haskell, and other patrons to stimulate interest in creating a national ballet. For the next three years the group annually commissioned three or four...
  • Camargue (region, France)
    delta region in Bouches-du-Rhône département, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur région, southern France. The region lies between the Grand and Petit channels of the Rhône River and has an area of 300 square miles (780 square km). In the northern par...
  • Camarhynchus pallidus (bird)
    species of Galápagos finch....
  • Camarina (ancient city, Sicily)
    Among other cities of Sicily there was a notable series from Acragas in the 5th century, with its beautiful double-eagle type, seen most magnificently on the rare and famous decadrachms. Camarina showed fine types of the river god Hipparis and the nymph Camarina on a swan. Himera, before its destruction in 409, issued some very interesting types, such as the nymph Himera sacrificing while......
  • Camarões, Rio dos (river, Cameroon)
    stream in southwestern Cameroon whose estuary on the Atlantic Ocean is the site of Douala, the country’s major industrial centre and port. Two headstreams—the Nkam and the Makombé—join to form the Wouri, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Yabassi. The river then flows in a southwesterly direction for about 100 miles (160 km) to empty int...
  • Camayenne Peninsula (peninsula, Guinea)
    Guinea’s main urban centre is Conakry. The old city, located on Tumbo Island, retains the segregated aspect of a colonial town, while the Camayenne (Kaloum) Peninsula community, which has grown up since the 1950s, has a few buildings of the colonial period. From the tip of the peninsula, an industrial zone has a growing salaried population that is truly urbanized....
  • Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis de, duc de Parme (French statesman)
    French statesman and legal expert who was second consul with Napoleon Bonaparte and then archchancellor of the empire. As Napoleon’s principal adviser on all juridical matters from 1800 to 1814, he was instrumental in formulating the Napoleonic Code, or Civil Code (1804), and subsequent codes. Often consulted on other matters of state, he tried to exert a moderating influ...
  • Cambaluc (China)
    city, province-level shi (municipality), and capital of the People’s Republic of China. Few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. The city has been an integral part of China’s history over the past eight centuries, and nearly every major b...
  • Cambambe Dam (dam, Angola)
    ...of the river’s basin is served by the Luanda-Malanje railway. A right-bank tributary of the Cuanza, the Lucala, is also navigable and is noted for a 330-foot (100-metre) waterfall along its course. Cambambe Dam (1963) supplies electricity to the Angolan capital of Luanda and provides irrigation water for the valley of the Cuanza in its lower course....
  • Cambay (India)
    city, east-central Gujarāt state, west-central India. It lies at the head of the Gulf of Cambay and the mouth of the Mahi River. The city was mentioned in 1293 by Marco Polo, who referred to it as a busy port. It was still a prosperous port in the late 15th century, when Muslims controlled Gujarāt. As the gulf silted up, however, the port became insignificant. The city was capital of...
  • Cambay, Gulf of (gulf, India)
    trumpet-shaped gulf of the Arabian Sea, indenting northward the coast of Gujarāt state, western India, between Bombay and the Kāthiāwār Peninsula. It is 120 miles (190 km) wide at its mouth between Diu and Damān, but it rapidly narrows to 15 miles (24 km). The gulf receives many rivers, including the Sābarmati, Mahi, Narmada (Narbada), and Tāpti. It...
  • Cambazola (cheese)
    ...combined in order to increase variety and consumer interest. For example, soft and mildly flavoured Brie is combined with a more pungent semisoft cheese such as blue or Gorgonzola. The resulting “Blue-Brie” has a bloomy white edible rind, while its interior is marbled with blue Penicillium roqueforti mold. The cheese is marketed under various names such as Bavarian Blue,......
  • Çambel, Halet (Turkish archaeologist)
    ...fortress city, located in the piedmont country of the Taurus Mountains in south-central Turkey. The city, dating from the 8th century bc, was discovered in 1945 by Helmuth T. Bossert and Halet Çambel. It was built with a polygonal fortress wall and an upper and lower gateway of monumental proportions. The gate chambers are lined with inscribed orthostates (carved stone slab...
  • Camberg, Muriel Sarah (British writer)
    British writer best known for the satire and wit with which the serious themes of her novels are presented....
  • Cambert, Robert (French composer)
    the first French composer of opera, though the dramatic sense of the word cannot be applied to any of his works....
  • Camberwell beauty (insect)
    The mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), known as the Camberwell beauty in England, overwinter as adults. The larvae, often known as spiny elm caterpillars, are gregarious in habit and feed principally on elm, willow, and poplar foliage....
  • cambial zone (plant anatomy)
    in plants, layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots (secondary growth occurs after the first season and results in increase in thickness). Theoretically, the cambium is a single layer of cells, called initial cells; practically, it is diffi...
  • “cambiale di matrimonio, La” (opera by Rossini)
    By taste, and soon by obligation, Rossini threw himself into the genre then fashionable: opera buffa (comic opera). His first opera buffa, La cambiale di matrimonio (1810; The Bill of Marriage), was performed in Venice and had a certain success, although his unusual orchestration made the singers indignant. Back in Bologna again, he gave the cantata La morte di Didone......
  • Cambio, Arnolfo di (Italian sculptor and architect)
    Italian sculptor and architect whose works embody the transition between the late Gothic and Renaissance architectural sensibilities....
  • “Cambio de piel” (work by Fuentes)
    After Artemio Cruz came a succession of novels. Cambio de piel (1967; A Change of Skin) defines existentially a collective Mexican consciousness by exploring and reinterpreting the country’s myths. Terra nostra (1975; “Our Land,” Eng. trans. Terra nostra) explores the cultural substrata of New and Old Worlds as t...
  • Cambises, King of Persia (play by Preston)
    ...Gurton’s Needle (1559), in which academic pastiche is overlaid with country game; and what the popular tradition did for tragedy is indicated in Thomas Preston’s Cambises, King of Persia (c. 1560), a blood-and-thunder tyrant play with plenty of energetic spectacle and comedy....
  • Cambisol (FAO soil group)
    one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Cambisols are characterized by the absence of a layer of accumulated clay, humus, soluble salts, or iron and aluminum oxides. They differ from unweathered parent material in their aggregate structure, colour, clay content, carbonate content, or other properti...
  • cambium (plant anatomy)
    in plants, layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots (secondary growth occurs after the first season and results in increase in thickness). Theoretically, the cambium is a single layer of cells, called initial cells; practically, it is diffi...
  • Cambó i Batlle, Francesc (Catalan industrialist)
    ...against “Castilian” free trade to a demand for political autonomy. The Regionalist League (Catalan: Lliga Regionalista), founded in 1901 and dominated by the Catalan industrialist Francesc Cambó i Batlle and the theoretician of Catalan nationalism Enric Prat de la Riba, demanded the end of the turno and a revival of regionalism......
  • Cambodge, État du
    country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Largely a land of plains and great rivers, Cambodia lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States, can be seen in the capital, ...
  • Cambodge, Royaume de
    country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Largely a land of plains and great rivers, Cambodia lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States, can be seen in the capital, ...
  • Cambodia
    country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Largely a land of plains and great rivers, Cambodia lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States, can be seen in the capital, ...
  • Cambodia, flag of
    ...
  • Cambodia, history of
    The historical importance of Cambodia in mainland Southeast Asia is out of proportion to its present reduced territory and limited political power. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, the Khmer (Cambodian) state included much of the Indochinese mainland, incorporating large parts of present-day southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. The cultural influence of Cambodia on other countries,......
  • Cambodia, Kingdom of
    country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Largely a land of plains and great rivers, Cambodia lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States, can be seen in the capital, ...
  • Cambodia, State of
    country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Largely a land of plains and great rivers, Cambodia lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States, can be seen in the capital, ...
  • Cambodian (people)
    any member of an ethnolinguistic group that constitutes most of the population of Cambodia. Smaller numbers of Khmer also live in southeastern Thailand and the Mekong River delta of southern Vietnam. The Khmer language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family, itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. The Khmer have a long history, of which the 12th-century temple complex of Angkor Wat is a monument....
  • Cambodian language
    Mon-Khmer language spoken by most of the population of Cambodia, where it is the official language, and by some 1.3 million people in southeastern Thailand, and also by more than a million people in southern Vietnam. The language has been written since the early 7th century using a script originating in South India. The language used in the ancient Khmer empire and in Angkor, its capital, was Old ...
  • Cambodian literature
    Cambodia has a long literary tradition, based largely on Indian and Thai literary forms. Few people could read the indigenous literature, however, because historically only a small portion of the population was literate. Even so, most Khmer are familiar with the stories of such traditional epic figures as Neang Kakey and Dum Deav, as well as the Jataka tales relating episodes in......
  • Cambodian People’s Party (political party, Cambodia)
    The three most important political parties in Cambodia are the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), the FUNCINPEC Party, and the Sam Rainsy Party. The CPP is a noncommunist party descended from the pro-Vietnam and communist Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party. The FUNCINPEC Party is composed of the royalist supporters of the former king Norodom Sihanouk and his son Prince Ranariddh (a...
  • Cambodian tea plant (plant)
    The Cambodia variety, a single-stem tree growing to about 16 feet (five metres) in height, is not cultivated but has been naturally crossed with other varieties....
  • Cambodunum (Germany)
    city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It is situated on the Iller River in the heart of the Allgäuer Alps, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Munich. A residence of the Alemannic dukes and the Frankish kings, the town was the site of a Benedictine abbey founded (752) and endowed by Hild...
  • camboge (gum resin)
    hard, brittle gum resin that is obtained from various Southeast Asian trees of the genus Garcinia and is used as a colour vehicle and in medicine. Gamboge is orange to brown in colour and when powdered turns bright yellow. Artists use it as a pigment and as a colouring matter for varnishes. In medicine and veterinary medicine it is a drastic cathartic. On the skin it has ...
  • Cambon, Joseph (French minister)
    financial administrator who attempted, with considerable success, to stabilize the finances of the French Revolutionary government from 1791 to 1795....
  • Cambon, Jules (French diplomat)
    French diplomat who played an important role in the peace negotiations between the United States and Spain (1898) and was influential in the formation of French policy toward Germany in the decade before World War I....
  • Cambon, Jules-Martin (French diplomat)
    French diplomat who played an important role in the peace negotiations between the United States and Spain (1898) and was influential in the formation of French policy toward Germany in the decade before World War I....
  • Cambon, Paul (French diplomat)
    French diplomat who as ambassador to Great Britain (1898–1920) was instrumental in the formation of the Anglo-French alliance, the Entente Cordiale....
  • Cambon, Pierre-Joseph (French minister)
    financial administrator who attempted, with considerable success, to stabilize the finances of the French Revolutionary government from 1791 to 1795....
  • Cambon, Pierre-Paul (French diplomat)
    French diplomat who as ambassador to Great Britain (1898–1920) was instrumental in the formation of the Anglo-French alliance, the Entente Cordiale....
  • Cambrai (France)
    town, Nord département, Nord-Pas-de-Calais région, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the Romans, and its bishops were made counts by the German king Henry I in the 10th century. Cambrai was long a bone of contention among ...
  • Cambrai, Battle of (European history)
    British offensive (November–December 1917) on the Western Front during World War I that marked the first large-scale, effective use of tanks in warfare....
  • Cambrai, League of (European history)
    formed Dec. 10, 1508, an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, ostensibly against the Turks but actually to attack the Republic of Venice and divide its possessions among the allies. Mantua and Ferrara, both of which had lost possessions to Venice, were included in t...
  • Cambrai, Treaty of (Europe [1529])
    (French: “Peace of the Ladies”; Aug. 3, 1529), agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles V; it temporarily confirmed Spanish (Habsburg) hegemony in Italy. After a series of successes, Charles had defeated the French forces at Pavia in Italy in 1525 and forced Francis to sign the...
  • Cambria (county, Pennsylvania, United States)
    county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau, with the Allegheny Mountains along the eastern edge. The principal waterways are the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh rivers, Glendale Lake, and Beaverdam Run, in addition to Clearfield, Stony, and Blacklick creeks. Parklands include Prince Gallitz...
  • Cambria, Joe (American baseball scout)
    The next Latin group of note comprised Cubans signed by Joe Cambria, who became a special Latin American scout for the American League Washington Senators in the early 1930s. These included catcher Fermín (“Mike”) Guerra, Roberto Estalella, who played both the infield and outfield, and pitcher René Monteagudo. During World War II Cambria increased the number of Latins.....
  • Cambrian explosion (paleontology)
    The beginning of the Cambrian Period, now thought to date from 542 rather than 570 million years ago, witnessed an unparalleled explosion of life (see Paleozoic Era: Cambrian Period: Cambrian life). Many of the major phyla that characterize modern animal life—various researchers recognize between 20 and 35—appear to have evolved at that time, possibly over a period of only a f...
  • Cambrian Mountains (mountains, Wales, United Kingdom)
    The Cambrian Mountains, which form the core of Wales, are clearly defined by the sea except on the eastern side, where a sharp break of slope often marks the transition to the English lowlands. Cycles of erosion have repeatedly worn down the ancient and austere surfaces. Many topographic features derive from glacial processes, and some of the most striking scenery stems largely from former......
  • Cambrian Period (geochronology)
    earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 542 to 488.3 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series: Series 1 (542 to 521 million years ago), Series 2 (521 to 510 million years ago), Series 3 (510 to 501 million years ago), an...
  • Cambrian Series 1 (geochronology)
    earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 542 to 488.3 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series: Series 1 (542 to 521 million years ago), Series 2 (521 to 510 million years ago), Series 3 (510 to 501 million years ago), and the Furongian Series (501 to 488.3 million......
  • Cambrian Series 2 (geochronology)
    ...Era, extending from about 542 to 488.3 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series: Series 1 (542 to 521 million years ago), Series 2 (521 to 510 million years ago), Series 3 (510 to 501 million years ago), and the Furongian Series (501 to 488.3 million years ago)....
  • Cambrian Series 3 (geochronology)
    ...ago. The Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series: Series 1 (542 to 521 million years ago), Series 2 (521 to 510 million years ago), Series 3 (510 to 501 million years ago), and the Furongian Series (501 to 488.3 million years ago)....
  • Cambrian System (geochronology)
    earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 542 to 488.3 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series: Series 1 (542 to 521 million years ago), Series 2 (521 to 510 million years ago), Series 3 (510 to 501 million years ago), an...
  • cambric (textile)
    lightweight, closely woven, plain cotton cloth first made in Cambrai, France, and originally a fine linen fabric. Printed cambric was used in London by 1595 for bands, cuffs, and ruffs. Modern cambric is made from choice American or Egyptian cotton, with both warp and weft, or filling, yarns ranging from 60 to 80 in size (count), and is usually lightly calendered to produce a slight gloss on one ...
  • Cambridge (Ontario, Canada)
    city, regional municipality of Waterloo, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies 55 miles (90 km) west-southwest of Toronto. Cambridge was created in 1973 from the consolidation of the city of Galt, the towns of Hespeler and Preston, and parts of the townships of Waterloo and North Dumfries. Galt was founded about 1817 and, ...
  • Cambridge (Massachusetts, United States)
    city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., situated on the north bank of the Charles River, partly opposite Boston. Originally settled as New Towne in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, it was organized as a town in 1636 when it became the site of Harvard College (now an undergraduate school of Harvard University...
  • Cambridge (Maryland, United States)
    city, seat (1686) of Dorchester county, eastern Maryland, U.S., on the Choptank River’s south bank near Chesapeake Bay’s eastern shore. Bisected by Cambridge Creek (a natural harbour), it was founded in 1684 as a plantation port and named in 1686 for the English university town. For more than two centuries it handled small coastwise traffic, but ...
  • Cambridge (England, United Kingdom)
    city (district), administrative and historic county of Cambridgeshire, England, home of the internationally known University of Cambridge. The city lies immediately south of the fen country (a flat alluvial region only slightly above sea level) and is itself only 20 to 80 feet (6 to 24 metres) above sea level. Most of the city is built on the east bank of the River Cam, a tributary of the Ouse. Su...
  • Cambridge, Adolphus Frederick, 1st Duke of (British field marshal)
    British field marshal, seventh son of King George III....
  • Cambridge Agreement (English history)
    (Aug. 26, 1629), pledge made in Cambridge, Eng., by English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company to emigrate to New England if the government of the colony could be transferred there. The company agreed to their terms, including transferral of the company charter. Control of the corporation was shifted to the signers of the agreement, and John Winthrop was appointed governor. The...
  • Cambridge College (college, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
    (Aug. 26, 1629), pledge made in Cambridge, Eng., by English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company to emigrate to New England if the government of the colony could be transferred there. The company agreed to their terms, including transferral of the company charter. Control of the corporation was shifted to the signers of the agreement, and John Winthrop was appointed governor. The...
  • Cambridge critics (English literature)
    group of critics who were a major influence in English literary studies from the mid-1920s and who established an intellectually rigorous school of critical standards in the field of literature. The leaders were I.A. Richards and F.R. Leavis of the University of Cambridge and Richards’ pupil William Empson. In the 1920s the University of Cambridge was d...
  • Cambridge, Edmund of Langley, Earl of (English noble)
    fourth surviving legitimate son of King Edward III of England and founder of the House of York as a branch of the Plantagenet dynasty....
  • Cambridge Flag (historical United States flag)
    American colonial banner first displayed by George Washington on Jan. 1, 1776. It showed the British Union Flag of 1606 in the canton. Its field consisted of seven red and six white alternated stripes representing the 13 colonies. The Stars and Stripes officially replaced it on June 14, 1777....
  • Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of (British field marshal)
    conservative field marshal and commander in chief of the British army for 39 years. He was the only son of Adolphus Frederick, the youngest son of King George III....
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