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  • Caernarvonshire (former county, Wales, United Kingdom)
    historic county of northwestern Wales, bordered on the north by the Irish Sea, on the east by Denbighshire, on the south by the county of Merioneth and Cardigan Bay, and on the west by Caernarfon Bay and the Menai Strait, which separates it from Anglesey. The total area is 569 square miles (1,473 square km). Most of the historic county lies within the present and larger county o...
  • Caerphilly (county borough, Wales, United Kingdom)
    county borough, southeastern Wales. The area west of the River Rhymney forms part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), and the area east of the river belongs to the historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy). Caerphilly county borough extends from the edge of Brecon Beacons National Park in the north to the outskirts of the cit...
  • Caerphilly (Wales, United Kingdom)
    castle town, Caerphilly county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. The town grew up outside a 13th-century castle. The still-incomplete structure was destroyed in 1270 by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd but was rebuilt from 1271 onward, with some 14th-century additions. Covering 30 acres (12 hec...
  • Caerphilly Castle (castle, Wales, United Kingdom)
    castle town, Caerphilly county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. The town grew up outside a 13th-century castle. The still-incomplete structure was destroyed in 1270 by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd but was rebuilt from 1271 onward, with some 14th-century additions. Covering 30 acres (12 hectares), the castle is the largest in Britain after Windsor; it was built......
  • Caesalpiniaceae (plant family)
    The subfamily Caesalpinioideae (classified as a family, Caesalpiniaceae, by some authorities) is a heterogeneous group of plants with about 160 genera and some 2,000 species. The latest classifications show that this subfamily is the most basal lineage among the legumes and the one from which the other two subfamilies evolved. In that sense it is not a true monophyletic group, and it will......
  • Caesalpinioideae (plant subfamily)
    Molecular evidence confirms the hypothesis that Caesalpinioideae includes the earliest diverging lineages among the legumes. This was also the prevailing theory prior to molecular studies, based on the group’s high diversity in the tropics, an extended fossil record, and the wide variation of floral and vegetative structures beyond the specializations in the other two subfamilies. The uniqu...
  • Caesalpinus, Andreas (Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist)
    Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist who sought a philosophical and theoretical approach to plant classification based on unified and coherent principles rather than on alphabetical sequence or medicinal properties. He helped establish botany as an independent science....
  • Caesar and Cleopatra (play by Shaw)
    ...The Devil’s Disciple (performed 1897) is a play set in New Hampshire during the American Revolution and is an inversion of traditional melodrama. Caesar and Cleopatra (performed 1901) is Shaw’s first great play. In the play Cleopatra is a spoiled and vicious 16-year-old child rather than the 38-year-old temptress of Shakespeare...
  • Caesar, Arthur (American screenwriter)
    Original Story: Arthur Caesar for Manhattan MelodramaAdaptation: Robert Riskin for It Happened One NightCinematography: Victor Milner for CleopatraArt Direction: Cedric Gibbons and Frederic Hope for......
  • Caesar cipher
    The simplest of all substitution ciphers are those in which the cipher alphabet is merely a cyclical shift of the plaintext alphabet. Of these, the best-known is the Caesar cipher, used by Julius Caesar, in which A is encrypted as D, B as E, and so forth. As many a schoolboy has discovered to his embarrassment, cyclical-shift substitution ciphers are not secure. And as is pointed out in the......
  • Caesar, Dam of (dam, Shūshtar, Iran)
    ...later famous as a centre of learning. Using the same captives, who excelled the Persians in technical skill, he built the dam at Shūshtar known from that time as the Band-e Qeyṣar, Dam of Caesar....
  • Caesar Divi Nervae Filius Nerva Traianus Optimus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor (ad 98–117), the first to be born outside Italy. He sought to extend the boundaries of the empire to the east (notably in Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia), undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare....
  • Caesar, Gaius (Roman proconsul)
    grandson of the Roman emperor Augustus (reigned 27 bc–ad 14), who would probably, had he survived Augustus, have succeeded to the imperial throne....
  • Caesar, Gaius (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor from 37 to 41, in succession to Tiberius, who effected the transfer of the last legion that had been under a senatorial proconsul (in Africa) to an imperial legate, thus completing the emperor’s monopoly of army command. Accounts of his reign by ancient historians are so biased against him that the truth is almost impossible to disentangle....
  • Caesar, Germanicus Julius (Roman general)
    nephew and adopted son of the Roman emperor Tiberius (reigned ad 14–37). He was a successful and immensely popular general who, had it not been for his premature death, would have become emperor....
  • Caesar, Irving (American lyricist)
    U.S. lyricist for such U.S. standards as "Swanee" and "Tea for Two," one of the most frequently sung and recorded tunes ever written (b. July 4, 1895--d. Dec. 17, 1996)....
  • Caesar, John (Australian bandit)
    ...bandit or highwayman followed the usual pattern of robbery, rape, and murder. They specialized in robbing, or “bailing up,” stagecoaches, banks, and small settlements. From 1789, when John Caesar (called “Black Caesar”) took to the bush and probably became the first bushranger, until the 1850s, the bushrangers were almost exclusively escaped convicts. From the 1850s....
  • Caesar, Julius (fictional character)
    Roman general and statesman in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Shakespeare’s portrayal of the celebrated Roman ruler is an ambiguous one, stressing Caesar’s weaknesses as well as his noble qualities. Cassius reveals the feelings of the conspirators when he describes Caesar in this way:Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow wo...
  • Caesar, Julius (Roman ruler)
    celebrated Roman general and statesman, the conqueror of Gaul (58–50 bc), victor in the Civil War of 49–45 bc, and dictator (46–44 bc), who was launching a series of political and social reforms when he was assassinated by a group of nobles in the Senate House on the Ides of March....
  • Caesar, Lucius Aelius (Roman historical figure)
    ...succession, and he wanted it resolved in his own way. With Fuscus eliminated, Hadrian adopted the profligate Lucius Ceionius Commodus, aged about 36. The extravagant life of Ceionius, later renamed Lucius Aelius Caesar, portended a disastrous reign. Fortunately, he died two years later, and Hadrian, close to death himself, had to choose again. This time he picked an 18-year-old boy named Annius...
  • Caesar, Lucius Julius (Roman consul)
    ...seemed to be indicating his views regarding his ultimate successor when he adopted the two sons of his daughter Julia, boys aged three and one, who were henceforward known as Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar. Their father, Agrippa, whose powers had been renewed along with his master’s, returned to the east. But now Augustus also gave important employment to his stepsons—his wife......
  • Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor from 218 to 222, notable chiefly for his eccentric behaviour....
  • Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor from 177 to 192 (sole emperor after 180). His brutal misrule precipitated civil strife that ended 84 years of stability and prosperity within the empire....
  • Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor in 217 and 218, the first man to rule the empire without having achieved senatorial status....
  • Caesar Nerva Traianus Germanicus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor (ad 98–117), the first to be born outside Italy. He sought to extend the boundaries of the empire to the east (notably in Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia), undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare....
  • Caesar, Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor (king of Egypt)
    king of Egypt (reigned 44–30 bc), son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII. Ptolemy was his mother’s co-ruler, killed by Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, after Cleopatra’s death in 30....
  • Caesar salad (food)
    ...onions, cucumbers, peppers, beets, and so on—may garnish the green salad. In France a piece of dry bread rubbed with garlic, a chapon, is sometimes tossed with the salad to season it. Caesar salad, invented in Tijuana, Mexico, in the 1920s, is a green salad of romaine with a highly seasoned dressing of pounded anchovies, olive oil, lemon juice, egg, and Parmesan cheese, garnished......
  • Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor from ad 138 to 161. Mild-mannered and capable, he was the fourth of the “five good emperors” who guided the empire through an 84-year period (96–180) of internal peace and prosperity. His family originated in Gaul, and his father and grandfathers had all been consuls....
  • Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor (ad 117–138), the emperor Trajan’s nephew and successor, who was a cultivated admirer of Greek civilization and who unified and consolidated Rome’s vast empire....
  • Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (Roman emperor)
    Roman emperor (ad 69–79) who, though of humble birth, became the founder of the Flavian dynasty after the civil wars that followed Nero’s death in 68. His fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire generated political stability and a vast Roman building program....
  • caesar weed (plant)
    (Urena lobata), plant of the family Malvaceae; its fibre is one of the bast fibre group. The plant, probably of Old World origin, grows wild in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world....
  • Caesaraugusta (Spain)
    city, capital of Zaragoza provincia (province), in central Aragon comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the south bank of the Ebro River (there bridged). Toward the end of the 1st century bc...
  • Caesarea (ancient city, Algeria)
    ancient seaport of Mauretania, located west of what is now Algiers in Algeria. Iol was originally founded as a Carthaginian trading station, but it was later renamed Caesarea and became the capital of Mauretania in 25 bc. The city was famous as a centre of Hellenistic culture, and under the Romans it became one of the most important ports on the African coast....
  • Caesarea (ancient city, Israel)
    (“Ruins of Caesarea”), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea Maritima, to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi near the headwaters of the Jordan River. Originally an ancient Phoenician settlement known as Straton’s (Strato’s) Tower,...
  • Caesarea ad Anazarbus (Turkey)
    former city of the ancient province of Cilicia in Anatolia that was important in the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was located in what is now south-central Turkey. The original native settlement was refounded by the Romans in 19 bc, following a visit by Augustus. It rivaled Tarsus, the Cilician capital, in the 3rd century ad, and ...
  • Caesarea Antiochia (ancient city, west-central Turkey)
    ancient city in Phrygia, near the Pisidian border, close to modern Yalvaç, in west-central Turkey. Founded by Seleucus I Nicator (c. 358–281 bc), it was made a free city in 189 bc by the Romans, who took direct control about 25 bc; soon thereafter the emperor Augustus made it a colony with the name Caesarea Antiochia...
  • Caesarea Cappadociae (Turkey)
    city, central Turkey. It lies at an elevation of 3,422 feet (1,043 metres) on a flat plain below the foothills of the extinct volcano Mount Ereiyes (ancient Mount Argaeus, 12,852 feet [3,917 metres]). The city is situated 165 miles (265 km) east-southeast of Ankara. Originally known as Mazaca, the town was later called Eusebia by Argaeus, after King Ariarathes V Eusebes. It was ...
  • Caesarea Maritima (ancient city, Israel)
    (“Ruins of Caesarea”), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea Maritima, to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi near the headwaters of the Jordan River. Originally an ancient Phoenician settlement known as Straton’s (Strato’s) Tower,...
  • Caesarea Palestinae (ancient city, Israel)
    (“Ruins of Caesarea”), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea Maritima, to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi near the headwaters of the Jordan River. Originally an ancient Phoenician settlement known as Straton’s (Strato’s) Tower,...
  • caesarian section (childbirth)
    surgical removal of a fetus, at or before full term, from the uterus through an abdominal incision. Little is known of either the origin of the term or the history of the procedure. According to ancient sources, the procedure takes its name from a branch of the ancient Roman family of the Julii, whose cognomen Caesar (Latin caedere, “to cut”) originated from a birth by this me...
  • Caesarion (king of Egypt)
    king of Egypt (reigned 44–30 bc), son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII. Ptolemy was his mother’s co-ruler, killed by Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, after Cleopatra’s death in 30....
  • Caesarius of Arles, Saint (Roman Catholic saint)
    leading prelate of Gaul and a celebrated preacher whose opposition to the heresy of Semi-Pelagianism was one of the chief influences on its decline in the 6th century....
  • Caesarius of Heisterbach (German religious author)
    preacher whose ecclesiastical histories and ascetical writings made him one of the most popular authors of 13th-century Germany....
  • Caesarobriga (Spain)
    city, Toledo provincia (provincia), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha, central Spain, on the northern bank of the Tagus River near its confluence with the Alberche. The city originated as the Roman Caesarobriga and was conquered by King Al...
  • Caesarodunum (France)
    city, capital of Indre-et-Loire département, Centre region, west central France, on the Loire River. It is the chief tourist centre for the Loire Valley and its historic châteaus....
  • Caesaromagus (France)
    town, capital of Oise département, Picardy région, northern France, at the juncture of the Thérain and Avelon rivers, north of Paris. Capital of the Bellovaci tribe, it was first called Caesaromagus after its capture by Julius Caesar in 52 bc, and lat...
  • caesaropapism (political system)
    political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters. The term is most frequently associated with the late Roman, or Byzantine, Empire. Most modern historians recognize that the legal Byzantine texts speak of interdependence between the imperial and ecclesiastical structures rather than of a unilateral dependence ...
  • Caesar’s Column (work by Donnelly)
    Donnelly’s utopian novel Caesar’s Column (1891), which predicted such developments as radio, television, and poison gas, portrays the United States in 1988 ruled by a ruthless financial oligarchy and peopled by an abject working class. It enhanced Donnelly’s reputation with the Populist Party, which represented the discontented farmers of the West and which he helped fo...
  • Caesars Palace (hotel and casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States)
    ...became a model for those that followed it, the basic concept being a nondescript building festooned with ever-larger, brighter, and gaudier electric signs. An exception to this model at the time was Caesars Palace, an oval architectural marvel containing numerous large fountains and thousands of tons of imported Mediterranean marble; its spectacular qualities were diminished somewhat by the......
  • caesium (chemical element)
    chemical element of Group 1 (also called Group Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, and the first element to be discovered spectroscopically (1860), by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, who named it for the unique blue lines of its spectrum (Latin caesius, “sky-bl...
  • caestus (ancient boxing glove)
    ...Greeks used padded gloves for practice, not dissimilar from the modern boxing glove, these gloves had no role in actual contests. The Romans developed a glove called the caestus (cestus) that is seen in Roman mosaics and described in their literature; this glove often had lumps of metal or spikes sewn into the leather. The ......
  • caesura (prosody)
    in modern prosody, a pause within a poetic line that breaks the regularity of the metrical pattern. It is represented in scansion by the sign ‖. The caesura sometimes is used to emphasize the formal metrical construction of a line, but it more often introduces the cadence of natural speech patterns and habits of phrasing into the metrical scheme. The caesura may coincide with conventional p...
  • Caetani, Benedict (pope)
    pope from 1294 to 1303, the extent of whose authority was vigorously challenged by the emergent powerful monarchies of western Europe, especially France. Among the lasting achievements of his pontificate were the publication of the third part of the Corpus Juris Canonici, the Liber Sextus, and the institution of the Jubilee of 1300, the first Holy Year....
  • Caetani family (Italian family)
    noble family of medieval origin, the so-called Anagni branch of which won political power and financial success with the election of Benedetto Caetani (c. 1235–1303) as Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303; see Boniface VIII)....
  • Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves (prime minister of Portugal)
    premier of Portugal from September 1968, when he succeeded António de Oliveira Salazar, until the revolution of April 1974....
  • CAFA (Canadian sports organization)
    ...of Canada in 1873, adopting Rugby Union rules in 1875. This initial association collapsed in 1877, to be followed by the first of the Canadian Rugby Football Unions in 1880; the final one, the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU), formed in 1891. Provincial unions were likewise formed in Ontario and Quebec in 1883, but football developed later in the West, with the Western Canadian Rugby Football......
  • Cafaggiolo (castle, Italy)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a deep red, and an intense lapis......
  • Cafaggiolo maiolica (pottery)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
  • Cafaggiolo majolica (pottery)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
  • café (eating and drinking establishment)
    small eating and drinking establishment, historically a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served only coffee. The English term café, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee....
  • cafe (eating and drinking establishment)
    small eating and drinking establishment, historically a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served only coffee. The English term café, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee....
  • Café Anglais (restaurant, Paris, France)
    The most illustrious of all 19th-century Paris restaurants was the Café Anglais, on the Boulevard des Italiens at the corner of the rue Marivaux, where the chef, Adolphe Dugléré, created classic dishes such as sole Dugléré (filets poached with tomatoes and served with a cream sauce having a fish stock base) and the famous sorrel soup potage......
  • Café Costes (restaurant, Paris, France)
    ...to refurbish the private apartments in the Élysée Palace (1983–84) in Paris for French President François Mitterrand. He went on to design restaurant interiors for the Café Costes (1984) in Paris, Manin (1985) in Tokyo, Theatron (1985) in Mexico City, and Teatriz (1990) in Madrid, among others. Starck was also responsible for the interior design of the......
  • Café de Paris (restaurant, Paris, France)
    ...Foy, later called Chez Bignon, a favourite dining place of the English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray and of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini, who lived in the same building. The Café de Paris, on the Boulevard des Italiens, was the first of many restaurants in Paris and elsewhere that have operated under this name. Other favourite eating places were the Rocher de......
  • Café Filho, João (president of Brazil)
    Vice President João Café Filho served out most of the remainder of Vargas’s term and carried out preparations for the presidential election of October 1955. The major political parties did not unite behind a single candidate; rather, three strong contenders emerged: former Minas Gerais state governor Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, popularly regarded as Vargas’s polit...
  • Café Foy (restaurant, Paris, France)
    ...This restaurant was still in business in the mid-1990s and was regarded as one of the finest eating places in France. Another outstanding Paris establishment of the 19th century was the Café Foy, later called Chez Bignon, a favourite dining place of the English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray and of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini, who lived in the same building.......
  • cafeteria
    self-service restaurant in which customers select various dishes from an open-counter display. The food is usually placed on a tray, paid for at a cashier’s station, and carried to a dining table by the customer. The modern cafeteria, designed to facilitate a smooth flow of patrons, is particularly well-adapted to the needs of institutions—schools, hospitals, corporations—att...
  • Caffa (Ukraine)
    city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula on the western shores of Feodosiya Bay....
  • Caffaggiolo maiolica (pottery)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
  • Caffagiolo (castle, Italy)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a deep red, and an intense lapis......
  • Caffagiolo majolica (pottery)
    Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
  • Caffarelli, Scipione (Italian cardinal)
    ...the father of Camillo Borghese, the future Pope Paul V. (See Paul V under Paul [Papacy].) Paul V bestowed privileges upon family members, first naming as cardinal his nephew Scipione Caffarelli (1576–1633), whom he adopted into the Borghese family....
  • Caffaro di Caschifellone (Genoese historian and soldier)
    Genoese soldier, statesman, diplomat, and crusader who wrote chronicles that are important sources for the history of the First Crusade and of 12th-century Genoa....
  • caffè, Il (Italian periodical)
    ...economic and social laws. The ideas and aspirations of the Enlightenment as a whole were effectively voiced in such organs of the new journalism as Pietro Verri’s periodical Il Caffè (1764–66; “The Coffeehouse”). A notable contributor to Il Caffè was the philosopher and economist Cesare Becca...
  • Caffè, Il (Italian reform organization)
    ...movement. In 1761–62, however, an important group of young reformist noblemen formed around Pietro Verri (1728–97) and took the name of his militant journal, Il caffè (published 1764–66; “The Coffeehouse”). The circle’s best-known work, Cesare Beccaria’s Dei delitti e delle pene (1764...
  • Caffè Pedrocchi, Il (Italian journal)
    ...I tre fiumi (1857; “The Three Rivers”), and I sette soldati (1861; “The Seven Soldiers”). He also edited, with the poet Giovanni Prati, an outspoken journal, Il Caffè Pedrocchi. The Austrians imprisoned him twice (1852 and 1859) and finally sent him into exile....
  • caffeine (chemical compound)
    nitrogenous organic compound of the alkaloid group, substances that have marked physiological effects. Caffeine occurs in tea, coffee, guarana, maté, kola nuts, and cacao....
  • Caffey syndrome (pathology)
    a hereditary disease of infants, characterized by swellings of the periosteum (the bone layer where new bone is produced) and the bone cortex of the upper arms, shoulder girdle, and lower jaw. The disease is accompanied by fever and irritability; after a series of periodic exacerbations, it subsides spontaneously....
  • Caffiéri family (French family)
    family of French sculptors and metalworkers known for their vigorous and original works in the Rococo style....
  • Caffiéri, Jacques (French sculptor)
    The first prominent member of the family in France was Filippo Caffiéri (b. 1634, Rome [Italy]—d. Sept. 7, 1716, Paris, Fr.), an Italian-born sculptor in the service of Louis XIV. Filippo’s son Jacques (b. Aug. 25, 1678, Paris—d. 1755, Paris) became a notable metalworker. He completed many works for the palace at Versailles and other royal residences from 1736 up to the...
  • Caffiéri, Jean-Jacques (French sculptor)
    Philippe’s younger brother, Jean-Jacques Caffiéri (b. April 29, 1725, Paris—d. June 21, 1792, Paris), became the most famous sculptor of the family. Jean-Jacques trained under his father and won the Prix de Rome in 1748. He executed many portrait busts of famous men of the past for the Comédie-Française, the Bibliothèque Ste.-Genevieve in Paris, and other....
  • Caffiéri, Philippe (French sculptor)
    ...Paris—d. 1755, Paris) became a notable metalworker. He completed many works for the palace at Versailles and other royal residences from 1736 up to the time of his death. Both he and his son Philippe (b. 1714, Paris—d. 1774) were famous for their designs of chandeliers, chests, andirons, and ornamental mounts for various pieces of furniture. Jacques was a master of the Rococo......
  • Caffre cat (mammal)
    small, tabbylike cat (family Felidae) found in open and forested regions of Africa, Asia, and southern Europe. Possibly the first cat to be domesticated, the Egyptian wildcat is somewhat larger and stockier than the modern house cat, with which it interbreeds readily. Its coat, paler in the female, is light or orange brown with narrow, dark stripes. The length of the animal is a...
  • CAFTA-DR
    ...products. More than two-fifths of imports come from the United States; most of the rest originate in Japan, Mexico, Brazil, and Venezuela. In 2007 Costa Rica approved the implementation of the Central America–Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA–DR) with the United States by a slim margin in a public referendum....
  • caftan (clothing)
    man’s full-length garment of ancient Mesopotamian origin, worn throughout the Middle East. It is usually made of cotton or silk or a combination of the two....
  • CAG trinucleotide repeat (genetics)
    ...in certain regions of the brain, as well as other tissues of the body. Mutated forms of the HD gene contain abnormally repeated segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) called CAG trinucleotide repeats. These repeated segments result in the synthesis of huntingtin proteins that contain long stretches of molecules of the amino acid glutamine. When these abnormal huntingtin......
  • Cágaba (people)
    South American Indian group living on the northern and southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia. Speakers of an Arhuacan language, the Cágaba have lived in this region of steep ravines and narrow valleys for many centuries. They numbered some 10,000 individuals in the early 21st century....
  • Cagayan (province, Philippines)
    South American Indian group living on the northern and southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia. Speakers of an Arhuacan language, the Cágaba have lived in this region of steep ravines and narrow valleys for many centuries. They numbered some 10,000 individuals in the early 21st century.......
  • Cagayan de Oro (Philippines)
    city, northern Mindanao, southern Philippines. It lies along the Cagayan River near the head of Macajalar Bay. After its establishment as a mission station in the 17th century, it was fortified by the Spaniards. Cagayan de Oro was chartered as a city in 1950 and has become the transportation and commercial hub of northern Mindanao. Its international airport is...
  • Cagayan River (river, Philippines)
    longest stream in Luzon, Philippines. It begins its 220-mile (350-kilometre) course in a twisting pattern in the Sierra Madre in northeastern Luzon. It then flows north into a 50-mile- (80-kilometre-) wide fertile valley that is important for the cultivation of rice and tobacco. Ilagan, Isabela, Tuguegarao, and Cagayan are major riverine towns. At Aparri, the Cagayan enters the ocean at Babuyan Ch...
  • Cagayan Sulu (island, Philippines)
    island, southwestern Sulu Sea, Philippines. Low-lying and surrounded by 13 small islets and coral reefs, Cagayan Sulu was a centre of pirate activity by Muslims (Moros) in the 19th century. The island (together with Sibutu island) was inadvertently omitted when the United States acquired the Philippine islands from Spain in 1898. Cagayan Sulu was later purchas...
  • Cage aux folles, La (work by Poiret)
    French actor and playwright who wrote and starred in the original 1973 Paris production of La Cage aux folles, a farcical play about a homosexual couple that ran for more than 2,000 performances, inspired two successful films, and was adapted into a Tony award-winning Broadway musical....
  • cage compound (chemical compound)
    ...range of temperatures. The vapour is amber in colour, and the liquid is reddish brown. A saturated solution of bromine in water is orange-red and, on cooling, yields a red crystalline hydrate (a clathrate, in which bromine molecules are trapped in cagelike spaces within the network of water molecules). Bromine is a strong oxidizing agent, so it combines violently with certain elements, such......
  • cage crinoline (clothing)
    ...was, like its predecessors the farthingale and the hoop, a heavy underskirt reinforced by circular hoops, in this case of whalebone. By 1856 the weight of the petticoats became intolerable, and the cage crinoline was invented. This was a flexible steel framework joined by tapes and having no covering fabric. Sold at two shillings and sixpence, it was immensely popular and worn by most classes.....
  • cage cup (glass)
    ...is the Portland vase, in the British Museum, London. The capacity of the Italian glass craftsman to surpass all earlier masters in work of the most complex character is seen in the so-called cage cups (diatreta), on which the design—usually a mesh of circles that touch one another, with or without a convivial inscription—is so undercut that it stands completely free of......
  • Cage, John (American composer)
    American avant-garde composer whose inventive compositions and unorthodox ideas profoundly influenced mid-20th-century music....
  • Cage, John Milton, Jr. (American composer)
    American avant-garde composer whose inventive compositions and unorthodox ideas profoundly influenced mid-20th-century music....
  • Cage, Nicolas (American actor)
    American actor, perhaps best known for his performances in action films and large-budget summer blockbusters. He received an Academy Award for his work in Leaving Las Vegas (1995)....
  • Cagliari (Italy)
    city, capital of the island regione of Sardinia, Italy. It lies at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cagliari, on the south coast of the island. Although it was probably occupied in prehistoric times, its foundation is attributed to the Phoenicians. It was known to the Greeks as Cardlis and to the Romans as Caralis. The principal Carthaginian stronghold in Sardinia, i...
  • Cagliari (province, Italy)
    city, capital of the island regione of Sardinia, Italy. It lies at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cagliari, on the south coast of the island. Although it was probably occupied in prehistoric times, its foundation is attributed to the Phoenicians. It was known to the Greeks as Cardlis and to the Romans as Caralis. The principal Carthaginian stronghold in Sardinia, i...
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