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  • calcium phosphate (chemical compound)
    Like other connective tissues, bone consists of cells, fibres, and ground substance, but, in addition, the extracellular components are impregnated with minute crystals of calcium phosphate in the form of the mineral hydroxyapatite. The mineralization of the matrix is responsible for the hardness of bone. It also provides a large reserve of calcium that can be drawn upon to meet unusual needs......
  • calcium silicate hydrate (chemical compound)
    The most important hydraulic constituents are the calcium silicates, C2S and C3S. Upon mixing with water, the calcium silicates react with water molecules to form calcium silicate hydrate (3CaO · 2SiO2 · 3H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). These compounds are given the shorthand notations C–S–H (represented by......
  • calcium sulfate (chemical compound)
    Calcium sulfate, CaSO4, is a naturally occurring calcium salt. It is commonly known in its dihydrate form, CaSO4∙2H2O, a white or colourless powder called gypsum. As uncalcined gypsum, the sulfate is employed as a soil corrector. Calcined gypsum is used in making tile, wallboard, lath, and various plasters. When gypsum is heated and loses......
  • calcium sulfide (chemical compound)
    ...orbitals.) Two electrons are transferred from the cations to the anions, leaving each with a closed shell. The alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS), barium selenide (BaSe), or strontium oxide (SrO). They have the same structure as sodium chloride, with each atom having six neighbours. Oxygen can be combined with various......
  • calcium XV (isotope)
    ...
  • calclithite (rock)
    ...If volcanic rock fragments such as andesite and basalt are most abundant, the rock is termed a volcanic arenite. If chert and carbonate rock fragments are predominant, the name chert or calclithite is applied....
  • Calcolo differenziale e principii di calcolo integrale (work by Peano)
    Peano’s Calcolo differenziale e principii di calcolo integrale (1884; “Differential Calculus and Principles of Integral Calculus”) and Lezioni di analisi infinitesimale, 2 vol. (1893; “Lessons of Infinitesimal Analysis”), are two of the most important works on the development of the general theory of functions sin...
  • calcrete (geology)
    calcium-rich duricrust, a hardened layer in or on a soil. It is formed on calcareous materials as a result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions. Calcite is dissolved in groundwater and, under drying conditions, is precipitated as the water evaporates at the surface. Rainwater saturated with carbon dioxide acts as an acid and also dissolves calcite and then redeposits it as a preci...
  • calculable function (logic and mathematics)
    Alternatively, the above assumption can be avoided by resorting to a familiar lemma, or auxiliary truth: that all recursive or computable functions and relations are representable in the system (e.g., in N). Since truth in the language of a system is itself not representable (definable) in the system, it cannot, by the lemma, be recursive (i.e., decidable)....
  • Calculated Risk (work by Clark)
    ...after an armistice was signed (July 1953); he retired from the army the same year. Clark served as president of The Citadel, a military college in Charleston, S.C., from 1954 to 1966. He wrote Calculated Risk (1950), an account of his experience of World War II, and From the Danube to the Yalu (1954), his perspective on the Korean War....
  • Calculating Clock
    the earliest known calculator, built in 1623 by the German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard. He described it in a letter to his friend the astronomer Johannes Kepler, and in 1624 he wrote again to explain that a machine that he had commissioned to be built for Kepler was, apparently along with the prototype, destroyed in a fire. He called it a Ca...
  • calculation (mathematics)
    There are two strands of approach to the computation of molecular structure. In the semiempirical approach, the calculation draws on a number of experimentally determined characteristics to help in the overall calculation. In the ab initio approach, the calculation proceeds from first principles (the Schrödinger equation) and makes no use of imported information. The former approach was......
  • calculator
    machine for automatically performing arithmetical operations and certain mathematical functions. Modern calculators are descendants of a digital arithmetic machine devised by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Later in the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a more advanced machine, and, especially in the late 19th century, inventors produced calculating machines that were smal...
  • calculus (mathematics)
    branch of mathematics concerned with the calculation of instantaneous rates of change (differential calculus) and the summation of infinitely many small factors to determine some whole (integral calculus). Two mathematicians, Isaac Newton of England and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz of Germany, share credit for having independ...
  • calculus (medicine)
    ...extent of organically formed aragonite. Minerals also are produced by the human body: hydroxylapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] is the chief component of bones and teeth, and calculi are concretions of mineral substances found in the urinary system....
  • calculus, fundamental theorem of
    ...to the rectangle whose sides are unity and the ordinate of the original curve. When reformulated analytically, this result expresses the inverse character of differentiation and integration, the fundamental theorem of the calculus (see the figure). Although Barrow’s decision to proceed geometrically prevented him from taking the final step to a true calculus, his lectures influenc...
  • calculus, logical (logic)
    A formal system that is treated apart from intended interpretation is a mathematical construct and is more properly called logical calculus; this kind of formulation deals rather with validity and satisfiability than with truth or falsity, which are at the root of formal systems....
  • Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, The (work by Buchanan and Tullock)
    Buchanan wrote a number of significant books—both with others and alone—the best known of which is The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962), with Gordon Tullock. In this and other books, Buchanan discussed the politician’s self-interest and other social (that is, noneconomic) forces that affect governmental economic policy....
  • calculus of reason (philosophy)
    Another and distinct goal Leibniz proposed for logic was a “calculus of reason” (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the symbols according to established rules by which either new truths could be discovered or proposed conclusions could be checked to see if they could indeed be derived from......
  • calculus of variations (mathematics)
    branch of mathematics concerned with the problem of finding a function for which the value of a certain integral is either the largest or the smallest possible. Many problems of this kind are easy to state, but their solutions commonly involve difficult procedures of the differential calculus and differential equations....
  • calculus, preference (logic)
    ...a real-number quantity is obtained, symbolized # ( x). (Such a measure is called a utility measure, the units are called utiles, and the comparisons or computations involved constitute a preference calculus.) In terms of such a measure, a preference ordering is readily introduced by the definitions that (1) x ≫ y is to be construed as # ( x) ...
  • calculus ratiocinator (philosophy)
    Another and distinct goal Leibniz proposed for logic was a “calculus of reason” (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the symbols according to established rules by which either new truths could be discovered or proposed conclusions could be checked to see if they could indeed be derived from......
  • Calcutta (India)
    city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1912) of British India. It is India’s largest city and one of its major ports. The city is located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, once the main channel of the Ganges River, about 96 miles (154 kilometres) upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal; there the port city developed as a point of tran...
  • Calcutta Congress (Indian history)
    ...Sir John Simon, a prominent English lawyer and politician, that did not contain a single Indian. When the Congress and other parties boycotted the commission, the political tempo rose. After the Calcutta Congress in December 1928, where Gandhi moved the crucial resolution demanding dominion status from the British government within a year under threat of a nation-wide nonviolent campaign for......
  • Calcutta High Court (court, Calcutta, India)
    ...Rāj Bhavan. The state Legislative Assembly is located in the city, as is the Secretariat, housed in the Writers’ Building, with the state ministries in charge of various departments. The Calcutta High Court, exercising original jurisdiction over the city and appellate jurisdiction over West Bengal, is also located there. A number of national government institutions—includin...
  • Calcutta Metropolitan District (district, India)
    ...a number of committees to conduct the activities of the corporation. A commissioner, the executive head of the corporation, is responsible to its elected membership. The city is also a part of the Calcutta Metropolitan District, an entity created to oversee planning and development on a regional basis. This district includes a large rural hinterland around the urban centres....
  • Calcutta Municipal Corporation (government organization, Calcutta, India)
    Government in the city proper is the responsibility of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation; the corporation’s council is composed of one elected representative from each of the city’s 100 wards. The council members annually elect a mayor, a deputy mayor, and a number of committees to conduct the activities of the corporation. A commissioner, the executive head of the corporation, is r...
  • Calcutta, University of (university, Calcutta, India)
    state-controlled institution of higher learning founded by the British in India in 1857. Modeled on the University of London, Calcutta was originally a purely affiliating university that offered no actual instruction but was the examining and degree-granting authority for colleges scattered over most of northern India. Since 1904 it has gradually added teaching to its supervisory functions. By the...
  • Caldarelli, Nazareno (Italian author)
    Italian poet, essayist, literary critic, and journalist whose traditional, lyrical verse was influenced by the poet Giacomo Leopardi....
  • Caldas (department, Colombia)
    departamento, west-central Colombia. It is situated in the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains and is bounded by the Magdalena River on the east and the Cauca River on the west. Penetrated by Spaniards early in the 16th century, Caldas gained prominence as a gold-mining region. It was created a department in 1905. Coffee is the chief p...
  • Caldas da Rainha (Portugal)
    departamento, west-central Colombia. It is situated in the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains and is bounded by the Magdalena River on the east and the Cauca River on the west. Penetrated by Spaniards early in the 16th century, Caldas gained prominence as a gold-mining region. It was created a department in 1905. Coffee is the chief p...
  • Caldecott Medal (literature)
    annual prize awarded “to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children.” It was established in 1938 by Frederic G. Melcher, chairman of the board of the R.R. Bowker Publishing Company, and named for the 19th-century English illustrator Randolph Caldecott. It is presented at the annual conference of the American Library Association along with the Newbery Med...
  • Caldecott, Randolph (British artist)
    English artist chiefly known for the gently satirical drawings and coloured book illustrations that won him great popularity....
  • Calder, Alexander (American artist)
    American sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture the delicately balanced or suspended components of which move in response to motor power or air currents; by contrast, Calder’s stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced numerous wire figures, notably for a vast miniature circus....
  • Calder, Alexander Stirling (American artist)
    American sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture the delicately balanced or suspended components of which move in response to motor power or air currents; by contrast, Calder’s stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced numerous wire figures, notably for a vast miniature circus....
  • Calder, Angus Lindsay (Scottish critic, poet, and historian)
    Scottish critic, poet, and historian who published numerous literary criticisms, collections of poetry, and historical analyses, but he was especially admired for his critical work T.S. Eliot (1987). Calder’s impact as a historian was mainly based on his doctoral thesis, The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945 (1969, reissued 1992), in which he questioned British ta...
  • Calder Hall reactor (nuclear power plant, England, United Kingdom)
    ...silk weaving. Tourism has grown in importance. Whitehaven, the administrative centre, is also a fishing (cod and pilchard) and pleasure-craft port. The United Kingdom’s first nuclear power station, Calder Hall (opened 1956; decommissioned 2003), was 10 miles (16 km) south of Whitehaven. The adjacent Windscale nuclear power research station was shut down in 1981 and became a test case for...
  • Calder Memorial Trophy (sports)
    ...awards are the Vezina Trophy, for the goalie voted best at his position by NHL managers; the William M. Jennings Trophy, for the goalie or goalies with the team permitting the fewest goals; the Calder Memorial Trophy, for the rookie of the year; the Hart Memorial Trophy, for the most valuable player; the James Norris Memorial Trophy, for the outstanding defenseman; the Art Ross Trophy, for......
  • Calder v. Bull (law case)
    Iredell’s opinion in Calder v. Bull (1798) helped establish the principle of judicial review five years before it was actually tested in Marbury v. Madison. He is, however, remembered primarily for his dissents, most notably that in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), which maintained that an action of assumpsit could lie against a state only by authority o...
  • caldera (geology)
    large bowl-shaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. Calderas usually, if not always, form by the collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones because of removal of the support formerly furnished by an underlying body of magma (molten rock). Often this collapse is of a composite cone that rapidly emptied the underlying magma reservoir...
  • Caldera, Rafael (Venezuelan politician)
    ...more, and a new petrochemical industry was launched. Although prosperity had returned, growing popular dissatisfaction strengthened the opposition Christian Democrats, whose presidential candidate, Rafael Caldera Rodríguez, won the 1968 elections....
  • Calderdale (district, England, United Kingdom)
    westernmost metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough is part of the historic county of Yorkshire, except for a small area west of Todmorden that belongs to the historic county of Lancashire. The bleak gritstone Pennine moorlands, with scattered sheep farms and reservoir...
  • Calderón de la Barca, Pedro (Spanish author)
    dramatist and poet who succeeded Lope de Vega as the greatest Spanish playwright of the Golden Age. Among his best-known secular dramas are El médico de su honra (1635; The Surgeon of His Honour), La vida es sueño (1635; Life Is a Dream), El alcalde de Zalamea (c. 1640; The Mayor of Zalamea), and La hija del aire (1653; “...
  • Calderón, Felipe (president of Mexico)
    politician who became president of Mexico in 2006....
  • Calderón Fournier, Rafael Angel (president of Costa Rica)
    Arias, constitutionally ineligible to run in 1990, was succeeded by Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier of the PUSC. Calderón Fournier, son of the reform president of the 1940–44 period, Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia, had lost two previous presidential campaigns. Calderón Fournier had campaigned to expand social welfare programs and to reduce income inequalities,......
  • Calderón Guardia, Rafael Ángel (Costa Rican politician)
    ...agriculture, engaging in coffee planting and the production of cabuya (an agave plant from which rope and bags are made). His criticism of the government of Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia in July 1942 forced him into exile in Mexico for two years....
  • Calderón Hinojosa, Felipe de Jesús (president of Mexico)
    politician who became president of Mexico in 2006....
  • Calderón, Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y (Mexican painter)
    Mexican painter noted for her intense, brilliantly coloured self-portraits painted in a primitivistic style. Though she denied the connection, she is often identified as a Surrealist. She was married to muralist Diego Rivera (1929, separated 1939, remarried 1941)....
  • Calderón, Rodrigo, conde de Oliva, marqués de Siete Iglesias (Spanish statesman)
    Spanish royal favourite who enjoyed considerable authority during the ascendancy of Francisco Gómez, duque de Lerma in the reign of Philip III....
  • Calderón, Sila María (governor of Puerto Rico)
    Puerto Rican politician and governor of Puerto Rico (2001–05), the first woman to hold the post....
  • Calderón Sol, Armando (president of El Salvador)
    Armando Calderón Sol of Arena triumphed in the presidential election of 1994, and his party also won control of the National Assembly. Under Calderón’s leadership the government reduced the number of its troops and turned over public security to the new PNC; however, violent crime increased dramatically during the same period, most notably through assassinations and terrorism....
  • Calderone (glacier, Italy)
    ...Corno Grande, or Monte (mount) Corno, the highest point (9,554 feet [2,912 m]) of the Apennines. The summit is snow-covered most of the year, and on the north slope of Corno Grande is the small Calderone glacier, the southernmost in Europe. Wild boars still roam the Alpine region below the summit, and there are some dense woods of beech and pine. The area is much frequented by winter sports......
  • Calderone, Mary Steichen (American physician)
    American physician and writer who, as cofounder and head of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), crusaded for the inclusion of responsible sex education in the public-school curriculum....
  • Calderwood, David (Scottish clergyman)
    Scottish Presbyterian minister and historian of the Church of Scotland....
  • Caldey Island (island, Wales, United Kingdom)
    island in Carmarthen Bay of the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) county, Wales. It lies 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south of the port of Tenby. The island is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) across at its widest. From at least the 6th century, when it was inhabited by Celtic monks, Caldey has been associated with religious communities. In 1906 it was bought by Angli...
  • Caldicott, Helen Broinowski (American physician)
    Australian-born American physician and activist whose advocacy focused on the medical and environmental hazards of nuclear weapons....
  • caldoche (New Caledonian culture)
    ...population and Europeans about one-third. Their differing cultures have given rise to two distinct ways of life, known as kanak and caldoche; people of mixed descent tend to adhere to one or the other. The kanak identity is based on clan membership, a network of family alliances......
  • Caldwell (New Jersey, United States)
    borough (township), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Newark. Settled in the 1780s and incorporated in 1892, it is known as the birthplace of Grover Cleveland, the only American president born (1837) in New Jersey. His birthplace, a clapboarded Presbyterian parsonage, is preserved as a museum an...
  • Caldwell (Idaho, United States)
    city, seat (1892) of Canyon county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., on the Boise River. It originated (1883) as a construction camp for the Oregon Short Line Railroad and was named for Alexander Caldwell, the railroad president. Lake Lowell (formerly Deer Flat Reservoir), a unit in the Boise Irrigation Project, is to the south. Caldwell developed as a processing and...
  • Caldwell, Erskine (American writer)
    American author whose unadorned novels and stories about the rural poor of the American South mix violence and sex in grotesque tragicomedy. His works achieved a worldwide readership and were particularly esteemed in France and the Soviet Union....
  • Caldwell, James (English potter)
    ...for a time and later with Humphrey Palmer. By 1783 Enoch was established in Burslem as an independent potter in partnership with his cousin Ralph Wood, and in 1790 he entered a partnership with James Caldwell, when the style of the firm became Wood & Caldwell....
  • Caldwell, Janet Taylor (American author)
    highly popular American novelist, known for her family sagas and historical fiction....
  • Caldwell, Robert A. (British author)
    As an independent family, the Dravidian languages were first recognized in 1816 by Francis W. Ellis, a British civil servant. The actual term Dravidian was first employed by Robert A. Caldwell, who introduced the Sanskrit word drāvida (which, in a 7th-century text, obviously meant Tamil) into his epoch-making A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of......
  • Caldwell, Sarah (American opera conductor and producer)
    American opera conductor, producer, and impresario, noted for her innovative productions of challenging and difficult works....
  • Caldwell, Taylor (American author)
    highly popular American novelist, known for her family sagas and historical fiction....
  • Caldy Island (island, Wales, United Kingdom)
    island in Carmarthen Bay of the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) county, Wales. It lies 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south of the port of Tenby. The island is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) across at its widest. From at least the 6th century, when it was inhabited by Celtic monks, Caldey has been associated with religious communities. In 1906 it was bought by Angli...
  • Cale, Guillaume (French leader)
    ...1358, an uprising began near Compiègne and spread quickly throughout the countryside. The peasants destroyed numerous castles and slaughtered their inhabitants. Under their captain general, Guillaume Cale, or Carle, they joined forces with Parisian rebels under Étienne Marcel. The Parisians were defeated at Meaux on June 9 by Gaston Phoebus of Foix and Jean III de Grailly.......
  • Cale, John (Welsh musician)
    Signed to a contract with Arista Records, she released her first album, Horses, in 1975; it was produced by John Cale, the Welsh avant-gardist and cofounder (with Lou Reed) of the Velvet Underground. Her purest, truest album, it replicated her live shows better than any subsequent LP. Later albums of the 1970s moved in a more commercial direction, with a pounding......
  • Caleb (biblical figure)
    in the Old Testament, one of the spies sent by Moses from Kadesh in southern Palestine to spy out the land of Canaan. Only Caleb and Joshua advised the Hebrews to proceed immediately to take the land; for his faith Caleb was rewarded with the promise that he and his descendants should possess it (Numbers 13–14). Subsequently Caleb settled in Hebron (Ki...
  • Caleb (emperor of Aksum)
    ...coasts on the Gulf of Aden. Even the South Arabian kingdom of the Himyarites, across the Red Sea in what is now Yemen, came under the suzerainty of Aksum. In the early 6th century, Emperor Caleb (Ella-Asbeha; reigned c. 500–534) was strong enough to reach across the Red Sea in order to protect his coreligionists in Yemen against persecution by a Jewish prince. However, Christian.....
  • Caleb Williams (novel by Godwin)
    ...fiction. The category properly springs out of direct experience of proletarian life and is not available to writers whose background is bourgeois or aristocratic. Consequently, William Godwin’s Caleb Williams (1794) and Robert Bage’s Hermsprong (1796), although, like Hard Times, sympathetic to the lot of the oppressed worker, are more concerned with the imposi...
  • calèche (carriage)
    (from Czech kolesa: “wheels”), also called Calèche, or Barouche, any of various open carriages, with facing passenger seats and an elevated coachman’s seat joined to the front of the shallow body, which somewhat resembled a small boat. A characteristic falling hood over the rear seat gave the name calash to any folding carriage top. M...
  • Calectasiacea (plant family)
    The Australian family Dasypogonaceae (also known as Calectasiacea), with four genera and 16 species, was traditionally allied with the family Liliaceae (lilies) but is now believed to be more closely related to the palms because of their common possession of ultraviolet-fluorescent compounds in the cell walls, a special type of epicuticular wax, and stomatal complexes with subsidiary cells....
  • Caledon River (river, South Africa)
    tributary of the Orange River in southeastern Africa. It rises in the Drakensberg, on the Lesotho–South Africa border, and flows generally southwest, forming most of the boundary between Lesotho and Free State province, South Africa. Maseru, capital of Lesotho, lies on the river. The Caledon leaves Lesotho near Wepener, Free State, and flows through southeastern Free State to join the Oran...
  • Caledonia (ancient region, Britain)
    historical area of north Britain beyond Roman control, roughly corresponding to modern Scotland. It was inhabited by the tribe of Caledones (Calidones). The Romans first invaded the district under Agricola about ad 80 and later won a decisive battle at Mons Graupius. They established a legionary fortress at Inchtuthil (near Dunkeld, in Perth and Kinross district, T...
  • Caledonia (printing)
    ...using designs made up of repeated decorative units like early printers’ fleurons, were extremely successful. Dwiggins designed a number of typefaces for the Linotype, two of which, Electra and Caledonia, have had wide use in American bookmaking. In the U.S., unlike England and the Continent, printers have relied far more upon Linotype than Monotype for book composition....
  • Caledonia (county, Vermont, United States)
    county, northeastern Vermont, U.S., bounded on the southeast by New Hampshire, the Connecticut River constituting the border. Piedmont terrain occupies most of the county except the northeastern corner, which lies in a highland region. The principal waterways are the Passumpsic, Lamoille, Wells, and Moose rivers, as well as Lake Groton, Harvey Lake, and Peacha...
  • Caledonia Bay (archaeological site, Panama)
    ...mangrove-lined arm lying between Caribana Point and Cape Tiburón, Colombia. The delta of the Atrato River protrudes into the gulf. Farther northwest along the Panama coast of the gulf, Caledonia Bay is the site of remains of a 17th-century Scottish colony (New Caledonia), a shipwreck (the Olive Branch, sunk 1699), and a fortification (Fort St. Andrew, in use......
  • Caledonian Canal (waterway, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    waterway running southwest to northeast across the Glen Mor fault of northern Scotland and connecting the North Sea with the North Atlantic. In 1773 James Watt was employed by the British government to make a survey for such a canal, which would link together a chain of freshwater lakes including Ness, Oich, and Lochy. Construction was begun in 1803 under the direction of ...
  • Caledonian Orogenic Belt (geological region, Europe)
    range of mountains situated in northwestern Europe, developed as a result of the opening, closure, and destruction of the Iapetus Ocean in the period from the start of the Cambrian (542 million years ago) to the end of the Silurian (about 416 million years ago). The final collision was between a northwestern European and a North American–Greenland continent, and it gave r...
  • Caledonian orogeny (geological event)
    ...Silurian Period, resulted from the closing of the Iapetus Ocean (which was the precursor of the Atlantic Ocean) and is known as the Iapetus suture. It was marked by a mountain-building event, the Caledonian orogeny, that established a mountain chain stretching from present-day eastern North America through Greenland, western Scandinavia, Scotland, Ireland, and northern England and south to......
  • Caledonian Union (political party, New Caledonia)
    ...and voted a local budget. By 1953 French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnic origin. Melanesians then formed a coalition with Europeans to bring to power the Caledonian Union (Union Calédonienne) party on a ticket of full self-government in local affairs. Progress toward self-government was made in 1957 when a Territorial Assembly was created with......
  • caledonite (mineral)
    ...and voted a local budget. By 1953 French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnic origin. Melanesians then formed a coalition with Europeans to bring to power the Caledonian Union (Union Calédonienne) party on a ticket of full self-government in local affairs. Progress toward self-government was made in 1957 when a Territorial Assembly was created with......
  • calendar (chronology)
    any system for dividing time over extended periods, such as days, months, or years, and arranging such divisions in a definite order. A calendar is convenient for regulating civil life and religious observances and for historical and scientific purposes. The word is derived from the Latin calendarium, meaning interest register, or account book, itself a derivation from calendae (or ...
  • Calendar Girls (American film)
    ...century. She was nominated for her second best supporting actress Oscar for her role as an English housekeeper in Robert Altman’s Gosford Park (2001). In Calendar Girls (2003), she played a middle-aged Yorkshire woman who convinces her friends to pose nude for a calendar benefiting leukemia research. Mirren won both a British Academy of F...
  • Calendar of Flora, The (work by Theophrastus)
    ...Aristotle, Theophrastus was a keen observer, although his works do not express the depth of original thought exemplified by his teacher. In his great work, De historia et causis plantarum (The Calendar of Flora, 1761), in which the morphology, natural history, and therapeutic use of plants are described, Theophrastus distinguished between the external parts, which he called organs...
  • Calendar Round (Mayan history)
    ...civilizations. The calendar was based on a ritual cycle of 260 named days and a year of 365 days. Taken together, they form a longer cycle of 18,980 days, or 52 years of 365 days, called a “Calendar Round.”...
  • calendar stone (Aztec artifact)
    A circular calendar stone measuring about 12 feet (3.7 metres) in diameter and weighing some 25 tons was uncovered in Mexico City in 1790 and is currently on display in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. The face of the Aztec sun god, Tonatiuh, appears at the centre of the stone, surrounded by four square panels honouring previous incarnations of the deity that represent the......
  • Calendarium (work by Regiomontanus)
    ...colour applied by hand to these printed elements. The first complete printed title page—identifying the book title, author, printer, and date—was designed for Regiomontanus’s Calendarium in 1476....
  • calendering (manufacturing process)
    process of smoothing and compressing a material (notably paper) during production by passing a single continuous sheet through a number of pairs of heated rolls. The rolls in combination are called calenders. Calender rolls are constructed of steel with a hardened surface, or steel covered with fibre; in paper production, they typically exert a pressure of 500 pounds per linear...
  • Calendula (plant)
    process of smoothing and compressing a material (notably paper) during production by passing a single continuous sheet through a number of pairs of heated rolls. The rolls in combination are called calenders. Calender rolls are constructed of steel with a hardened surface, or steel covered with fibre; in paper production, they typically exert a pressure of 500 pounds per linear...
  • Calendula officinalis (plant)
    process of smoothing and compressing a material (notably paper) during production by passing a single continuous sheet through a number of pairs of heated rolls. The rolls in combination are called calenders. Calender rolls are constructed of steel with a hardened surface, or steel covered with fibre; in paper production, they typically exert a pressure of 500 pounds per linear...
  • Calepino, Ambrogio (Italian lexicographer)
    one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino and English word calepin, for “dictionary.” He became an Augustinian monk and compiled a dictionary of Latin and several other languages, published at Reggio nell’Emilia (1502). Later other languages were added until, in an edition published a...
  • Caletti-Bruni, Pier Francesco (Italian composer)
    the most important Italian composer of opera in the mid-17th century....
  • Calexico (California, United States)
    city and port of entry, Imperial county, southern California, U.S. It is located at the southern end of the Imperial Valley and is separated from the city of Mexicali, Mexico, by a reinforced steel fence. Founded in 1900, Calexico was once a tent town for the Imperial Land Company. It developed as a trade and shipping centre and a port of en...
  • caley (entertainment)
    One traditional local custom is the ceilidh (visit), a social occasion that includes music and storytelling. Once common throughout the country, the ceilidh is now a largely rural institution. Sports such as tossing the caber (a heavy pole) and the hammer throw are integral to the Highland games, a......
  • calf (cattle)
    These animals are usually stunned mechanically, but some sheep slaughter facilities also use electrical stunning. The feet are removed from the carcasses before they are suspended by the Achilles tendon of a hind leg for exsanguination. The carcasses are then skinned with the aid of mechanical skinners called “hide pullers.” Sheep pelts are often removed by hand in a process called.....
  • Calf of Man (islet, British Isles)
    ...of the central massif are smooth and rounded as a result of action during various glacial periods. The island’s landscape is treeless except in sheltered places. To the southwest lies an islet, the Calf of Man, with precipitous cliffs, which is administered by the Manx National Heritage as a bird sanctuary....
  • calf roping (sport)
    rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy chases a calf, lassoes it, dismounts, throws the calf to the ground by hand, and ties up three of its feet with a short rope. He signals completion by raising both hands. The performance is timed, and the contestant with the lowest time wins....
  • calfkill (shrub)
    (species Kalmia angustifolia), an open upright woody shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). Lambkill is 0.3–1.2 m (1–4 feet) tall and has glossy, leathery, evergreen leaves and showy pink to rose flowers. It contains andromedotoxin, a poison also common to other Kalmia species (including mountain laurel and bog laurel) and other members of the heath family. In northwest...
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