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  • Garbhadhatu (Buddhist mandala)
    ...images was the ryōkai mandara (“mandala of the two worlds”), which consisted of two parts—the kongō-kai (“diamond world”) and the taizō-kai (“womb world”)—that organized the Buddhist divinities and their relationships in a prescribed gridlike configuration. The deities or spiritual entities portray...
  • garbhagṛha (Indian architecture)
    The typical Hindu temple in northern India, on plan, consists of a small square-shaped sanctuary (called the garbhagṛha, or “womb-room”) housing the main image, preceded by one or more adjoining pillared maṇḍapas (porches or halls), which are connected to the sanctum by an open or closed vestibule (antarāla). The entrance doorway of......
  • Garbo, Greta (Swedish-American actress)
    one of the most glamorous and popular motion-picture stars of the 1920s and ’30s who is best known for her portrayals of strong-willed heroines, most of them as compellingly enigmatic as Garbo herself....
  • Garborg, Adne Evensen (Norwegian author)
    novelist, poet, playwright, and essayist, one of the first great writers to show the literary possibilities of Nynorsk, a language that many writers wished to establish in place of the standard Dano-Norwegian literary medium. The demand for social reform was central to Garborg’s life and work....
  • Garborg, Arne Evensen (Norwegian author)
    novelist, poet, playwright, and essayist, one of the first great writers to show the literary possibilities of Nynorsk, a language that many writers wished to establish in place of the standard Dano-Norwegian literary medium. The demand for social reform was central to Garborg’s life and work....
  • Garção, Pedro António Correia (Portuguese poet)
    one of Portugal’s principal Neoclassical poets....
  • Garcés, Francisco (Spanish missionary)
    ...abandoned by Indians the Spanish called Opas, who had annually produced two crops of grain. The rancheria was re-established in 1774 by Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcés, who called it Santos Apóstoles San Simón y Judas. A colony of white men began a settlement in 1865 at the site of the old ......
  • Garcés, Francisco Tomás (Spanish missionary)
    ...abandoned by Indians the Spanish called Opas, who had annually produced two crops of grain. The rancheria was re-established in 1774 by Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcés, who called it Santos Apóstoles San Simón y Judas. A colony of white men began a settlement in 1865 at the site of the old ......
  • Garches (France)
    ...Exposition at Stuttgart (1927), and his influential but unexecuted submittal to the League of Nations competition—was a footnote to that dream of a new city. The villa, Les Terrasses, at Garches, France (1927), was a lively play of spatial parallelepipeds (six-sided solid geometric forms the faces of which are parallelograms) ruled by horizontal planes, but his style seemed to......
  • Garci, José Luis (Spanish writer, producer, director, and actor)
    Other Nominees...
  • García, Alan (president of Peru)
    Peruvian politician who served as president of Peru (1985–90; 2006– )....
  • García, Anastasio Somoza (president of Nicaragua)
    soldier-politician who was dictator of Nicaragua for 20 years. Preferring the use of patronage and bribery to violence, he established a family dynasty in which he was succeeded by his son Luis Somoza Debayle as president (1956–63) and by another son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, as head of the Guardia Nacional and then as president (1967–72, 1974–79)....
  • Garcia, Carlos Polestico (president of Philippines)
    fourth president of the Republic of the Philippines. After graduating from law school in 1923, he became, successively, a schoolteacher, representative in the Philippine Congress, governor of his province (Bohol), and then (1941–53) senator. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Garcia was active in the resistance movement. He was elected vice president on the t...
  • Garcia, Cristina (American author)
    ...nonetheless had a subtle understanding of both the old and the new culture. These included the Cuban American writers Oscar Hijuelos (The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love [1989]) and Cristina Garcia (Dreaming in Cuban [1992] and The Agüero Sisters [1997]); the Antigua-born Jamaica Kincaid, author of Annie John (1984), Lucy......
  • García de la Huerta, Vicente Antonio (Spanish writer)
    playwright, poet, and critic whose Neoclassical tragedy Raquel (1778) was once considered the most distinguished tragic drama of 18th-century Spain....
  • García de la Torre, Ana (Spanish author)
    ...The reputed author of more than 100 works, María del Pilar Sinués y Navarro made women her primary subjects, treating marriage, motherhood, domestic life, and women’s education. Ana García de la Torre (Ana García del Espinar), a more progressive contemporary, treated problems of class, gender, and the proletariat, writing especially on the “working......
  • García del Espinar, Ana (Spanish author)
    ...The reputed author of more than 100 works, María del Pilar Sinués y Navarro made women her primary subjects, treating marriage, motherhood, domestic life, and women’s education. Ana García de la Torre (Ana García del Espinar), a more progressive contemporary, treated problems of class, gender, and the proletariat, writing especially on the “working......
  • García, Diego (Spanish navigator)
    In 1528 Cabot met another expedition from Spain under Diego García, commander of a ship from the Solís expedition. Both Cabot and García had planned to sail for the Moluccas but altered their courses, influenced by excited tales about an “enchanted City of the Caesars” (a variant of the Eldorado legend), which later incited many explorations and conquests in......
  • García el Restaurador (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón....
  • García el Trémulo (king of Pamplona and Aragon)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla before dying unexpectedly. ...
  • García Granados, Miguel (president of Guatemala)
    In 1871 a revolution headed by Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios overthrew Gen. Vicente Cerna, Carrera’s conservative successor in office, and inaugurated a period of liberal ascendancy that extended almost unbroken to 1944. After a brief period in the presidency, García Granados ceded to Barrios (1873), who became known as the Reformer because of the sweeping......
  • García Gutiérrez, Antonio (Spanish writer)
    dramatist whose play El trovador (1836; “The Troubadour”) was the most popular and successful drama of the Romantic period in Spain. It formed the basis for the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Il trovatore (performed 1853)....
  • García I (king of Spain)
    The apparent weakness of Islamic Spain and the growth of the Asturian kingdom encouraged García I (910–914) to transfer the seat of his power from Oviedo southward to the city of León. Nevertheless, any expectation that Islamic rule was set to end was premature. During the 10th century the caliphs of Cordóba (Qurṭabah) not only restored order and unity in......
  • García I (king of Navarre)
    self-styled king or chief of the Navarrese, centred in Pamplona. He is partly legendary, perhaps originally a count and vassal of Asturias, and is said to have reconquered many towns from the Moors. His son Fortún (or Fortunio) was captured and imprisoned by the Moors in 860, and not until about 880 was he free to proclaim himself king of Pamplona. On Fortún’s death (905), ...
  • García I (or II) Sanchez (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 925 to 970, son of Sancho I Garcés and Queen Toda Aznar. He owed his throne to the support of his cousin ʿAbd ar-Rahman III, the Umayyad caliph of Cordoba. The end of his reign was taken up with wars against the count of Castile, Fernán González. Sancho I of Leon, deposed by the Castilian, took refuge in Navarre; Garc...
  • García II (king of Galicia)
    king of Galicia from 1065 to 1071. His father, Ferdinand I the Great, divided his lands among his three sons: Alfonso VI received Leon; Sancho II received Castile; and García II, the youngest, received Galicia with a portion of Portugal (1065). Despotic and suspicious, García was deprived of his kingdom by his brother Sancho II and sent into exil...
  • Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni (king of Kongo)
    ...(a Kongo territory) and create the Portuguese colony that became Angola. Relations with Angola soon soured and then worsened when Angola’s governor briefly invaded southern Kongo in 1622. Later, Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni (reigned 1641–61) sided with the Dutch against Portugal when the former country seized portions of Angola from 1641 to 1648. Further disputes between Kongo and......
  • García II (or III) (king of Pamplona and Aragon)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla before dying unexpectedly. ...
  • García III (or IV) (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1035 to 1054. Following an old custom, Sancho III the Great divided his Spanish lands among his four sons: Ferdinand I received Castile; Gonzalo received Sobrarbe and Ribagorza (modern Huesca); Ramiro I received Aragon; and García III received the ancient patrimony of Pamplona enlarged by portions of Castile. He then expanded the kingdom into the Rioja. Altho...
  • García Iñiguez (king of Navarre)
    self-styled king or chief of the Navarrese, centred in Pamplona. He is partly legendary, perhaps originally a count and vassal of Asturias, and is said to have reconquered many towns from the Moors. His son Fortún (or Fortunio) was captured and imprisoned by the Moors in 860, and not until about 880 was he free to proclaim himself king of Pamplona. On Fortún’s death (905), ...
  • García IV (or V) (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón....
  • Garcia, Jerome John (American musician)
    ("JERRY"), U.S. musician (b. Aug. 1, 1942, San Francisco, Calif.--d. Aug. 9, 1995, Forest Knolls, Calif.), personified the hippie counterculture for three decades as the mellow leader of the rock band the Grateful Dead. Garcia was the singer, songwriter, and lead guitarist of the San Francisco-based group that emerged from the Haight-Ashbury psychedelic-drug-and-music scene in the mid-1960s. Known...
  • Garcia, Jerry (American musician)
    ("JERRY"), U.S. musician (b. Aug. 1, 1942, San Francisco, Calif.--d. Aug. 9, 1995, Forest Knolls, Calif.), personified the hippie counterculture for three decades as the mellow leader of the rock band the Grateful Dead. Garcia was the singer, songwriter, and lead guitarist of the San Francisco-based group that emerged from the Haight-Ashbury psychedelic-drug-and-music scene in the mid-1960s. Known...
  • García Lorca, Federico (Spanish writer)
    Spanish poet and playwright who, in a career that spanned just 19 years, resurrected and revitalized the most basic strains of Spanish poetry and theatre. He is known primarily for his Andalusian works, including the poetry collections Romancero gitano (1928; Gypsy Ballads) and Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (1935; “Lament for Ignacio ...
  • García, Manuel del Popolo (Spanish singer and composer)
    Spanish tenor and composer, one of the finest singers of his time....
  • García, Manuel del Popolo Vicente (Spanish singer and composer)
    Spanish tenor and composer, one of the finest singers of his time....
  • García, Manuel Patricio Rodríguez (Spanish vocal teacher)
    the most renowned European teacher of singing in the 19th century....
  • García, María Cristina Estella Marcella Jurado (Mexican actress)
    Mexican actress (b. Jan. 16, 1924, Guadalajara, Mex.—d. July 5, 2002, Cuernavaca, Mex.), projected a smoldering sensuality and vitality that captured audiences’ attention first in Mexico and later in the U.S.—where she was one of the first Latina actresses to find success in Hollywood—and Europe. Among her most notable films were El bruto (1952), High Noon...
  • García, María de la Felicidad (Spanish opera singer)
    Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility....
  • García Márquez, Gabriel (Colombian author)
    Colombian novelist and one of the greatest writers of the 20th century, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982 (see Nobel Lecture: “The Solitude of Latin America”), mostly for his masterpiece Cien años de soledad (1967; One Hundred Years of Solitude). He was the fourth Latin American to...
  • García Meza, Luis (Bolivian military leader)
    ...during which one of the country’s most acclaimed authors and political leaders, Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, was murdered. Over the next 13 months an extremist military government led by General Luis García Meza committed widespread murders, incidents of torture, forced exiles, and political persecution. The government hired militant fascists (including ex-Nazis) and other......
  • García, Michelle Ferdinande Pauline (French singer)
    French mezzo-soprano, best known for highly dramatic operatic roles....
  • García Moreno, Gabriel (president of Ecuador)
    initiator of a church-oriented dictatorship in Ecuador (1861–75). His rule, oppressive but often effective in its reformist aims, eventually cost him his life....
  • García Pérez, Alan (president of Peru)
    Peruvian politician who served as president of Peru (1985–90; 2006– )....
  • García, Pilar Lorenza (Spanish opera singer)
    (PILAR LORENZA GARCÍA), Spanish opera singer who was an internationally acclaimed soprano best known for her interpretations of Mozart heroines (b. Jan. 16, 1928--d. June 2, 1996)....
  • García Ponce, Juan (Mexican author)
    Mexican man of letters (b. Sept. 22, 1932, Mérida, Mex.—d. Dec. 27, 2003, Mexico City, Mex.), wrote more than 40 imaginative works noted for their lush descriptions. Three of these works—La casa en la playa (1966; The House on the Beach, 1994), Encuentros (1972; Encounters, 1989 [short stories]), and De ánima (1984; De Anima, 19...
  • García Ramírez (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón....
  • García Robles, Alfonso (Mexican diplomat)
    Mexican diplomat and advocate of nuclear disarmament, corecipient with Alva Myrdal of Sweden of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1982....
  • García the Restorer (king of Pamplona)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón....
  • García the Trembler (king of Pamplona and Aragon)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla before dying unexpectedly. ...
  • Garcilaso de la Vega (Spanish poet)
    the first major poet in the Golden Age of Spanish literature (c. 1500–1650)....
  • Garcilaso de la Vega (Spanish chronicler)
    one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors....
  • Garcinia (tree genus)
    genus in the family Clusiaceae, with 240 species of trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics, but especially in the Paleotropics. . The best known of these species is a tropical fruit, the mangosteen (G. mangostana). Imbe (G. livingstonei) has stiff leaves and small, thick-skinned, orange fruits with a juicy, acid, fragrant pulp. Rata (G. tinctorea) pro...
  • garcinia family (plant family)
    the garcinia family, in the order Malpighiales, comprising about 40 genera of tropical trees and shrubs. Several are important for their fruits, resins, or timbers....
  • Garcinia livingstonei (tree)
    ...with 240 species of trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics, but especially in the Paleotropics. . The best known of these species is a tropical fruit, the mangosteen (G. mangostana). Imbe (G. livingstonei) has stiff leaves and small, thick-skinned, orange fruits with a juicy, acid, fragrant pulp. Rata (G. tinctorea) produces a peach-sized, yellow fruit with a......
  • Garcinia mangostana (tree)
    (species Garcinia mangostana), handsome tropical tree of the family Clusiaceae, native to Southeast Asia, and its tart-sweet fruit. In Myanmar (Burma) it is called men-gu. Under favourable conditions, the slow-growing mangosteen tree can reach a height of 9.5 metres (31 feet). Individual trees have been reported to yield more than 1,000 fruits in a season....
  • Garcinia tinctorea (tree)
    ...of these species is a tropical fruit, the mangosteen (G. mangostana). Imbe (G. livingstonei) has stiff leaves and small, thick-skinned, orange fruits with a juicy, acid, fragrant pulp. Rata (G. tinctorea) produces a peach-sized, yellow fruit with a pointed end and acid-flavoured, buttery yellow flesh. G. spicata is planted as an ornamental in tropical salt-spray......
  • Garçon et l’aveugle, Le (French literature)
    The earliest comic plays extant date from the second half of the 13th century. Le Garçon et l’aveugle (“The Boy and the Blind Man”), a simple tale of trickster tricked, could have been played by a jongleur and his boy and ranks for some scholars as the first farce. At the end of the century, the Arras poet Adam de la Halle composed two unique...
  • Gard (department, France)
    région of France encompassing the southern départements of Lozère, Gard, Hérault, Aude, and Pyrénées-Orientales and roughly coextensive with the former province of Languedoc. Languedoc-Roussillon is bounded by the régions of......
  • Gard, Pont du (Roman bridge-aqueduct, Nîmes, France)
    (French: “Bridge of the Gard”), giant bridge-aqueduct, a notable ancient Roman engineering work constructed about 19 bc to carry water to the city of Nîmes over the Gard River in southern France. Augustus’ son-in-law and aide, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is credited with its conception. Three tiers of arches rise to a height of 155 feet (47 m). The first tie...
  • Garda de Fier (Romanian organization)
    Romanian fascist organization that constituted a major social and political force between 1930 and 1941. In 1927 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which later became known as the Legion or Legionary Movement; it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. Cod...
  • Garda, Lago di (lake, Italy)
    the largest (area 143 square miles [370 square km]) of the Italian lakes, bordering Lombardy (southwest and west), Veneto (east and southeast), and Trentino-Alto Adige (north). It is surpassed in area in the Alpine region only by Lakes Geneva and Constance. Lying at an elevation of 213 feet (65 m), the lake is 34 miles (54 km) long and 2–11 miles (3–18 km) wide, with a shoreline of 7...
  • Garda, Lake (lake, Italy)
    the largest (area 143 square miles [370 square km]) of the Italian lakes, bordering Lombardy (southwest and west), Veneto (east and southeast), and Trentino-Alto Adige (north). It is surpassed in area in the Alpine region only by Lakes Geneva and Constance. Lying at an elevation of 213 feet (65 m), the lake is 34 miles (54 km) long and 2–11 miles (3–18 km) wide, with a shoreline of 7...
  • Garda Síochána (civic guard, Ireland)
    Ireland has no local police forces. The Guardians of the Peace (An Garda Síochána), established in 1922, is a nationwide force headed by a commissioner who is responsible to the minister for justice. A few hundred members of the force are assigned to detective duties; they are usually plainclothes officers and, when necessary, are armed. The rest of the force is uniformed and does......
  • Gardar (Swedish sailor)
    ...Bay, northeast of Akureyri, and is the oldest settlement in Iceland. According to legend, Húsavík (“Bay of the Houses”) was so named because a Swedish seafarer, Gardar, blown off course, built a house and wintered there in 864. In the 1880s one of Iceland’s first cooperatives was organized there. Húsavík is a fishing port and serves as a market.....
  • Gardasil (vaccine)
    ...Jian Zhou succeeded in making viruslike particles that trigger an immune response against HPV and form the basis of the vaccine. Merck & Co., Inc., which developed the vaccine under the name Gardasil, conducted clinical trials that by October 2005 had shown the vaccine to be highly effective in protecting women against infections by two strains of HPV that caused 70 percent of cervical.....
  • Gardel, Carlos (Argentine actor and singer)
    Argentine singer and actor, celebrated throughout Latin America for his espousal of tango music....
  • garden
    the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other types of areas. Gardening and landscape design is used to enhance the settings for buildings and public areas and in recreational areas and parks. It is one of the decorative arts and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticulture....
  • garden and landscape design
    the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other types of areas. Gardening and landscape design is used to enhance the settings for buildings and public areas and in recreational areas and parks. It is one of the decorative arts and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticulture....
  • garden arabis (plant)
    ...mountainous areas of Africa. Some are cultivated as ornamentals for their white, pink, or purple four-petalled flowers. Rock cresses are either erect or form mounds and bear long, narrow seedpods. Wall rock cress, or garden arabis (A. caucasica), a perennial from southeastern Europe, reaches 30 cm (1 foot) in height and bears fragrant white flowers in early spring; it has double, pink,.....
  • garden balsam (plant)
    Impatiens balsamina, the garden balsam, is native to the tropics of Asia but has long been cultivated in temperate regions of the world. In its many horticultural forms it is one of the showiest of garden flowers and is relatively easy to cultivate. I. biflora, I. nolitangere, and I. pallida, all known variously as touch-me-not, snapweed, and jewelweed, are common weeds......
  • garden beet (plant)
    ...form of the plant Beta vulgaris of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), one of the most important vegetables. Four distinct types are cultivated for four different purposes: (1) the garden beet, or beetroot, or table beet, as a garden vegetable; (2) the sugar beet, a major source of sugar; (3) the mangel-wurzel, or mangold, a succulent feed for livestock; and (4) the leaf beet,......
  • garden carnation (plant)
    There are two general groups, the border, or garden, carnations and the perpetual flowering carnations. Border carnations include a range of varieties and hybrids, 30 to 75 cm (1 to 2.5 feet) tall; the flowers, in a wide range of colours, are usually less than 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter and are borne on wiry, stiffly erect stems. The bluish green leaves are narrow, sheathing the stems; there......
  • garden carpet
    floor covering designed as a Persian garden seen from directly above. The design consists of a central watercourse, with tributary canals of various sizes, interrupted by islands or by ponds containing waterfowl and fishes, lined by avenues of stylized small trees and shrubs that surround flower plots, and often shaded by great plane trees....
  • garden centipede (arthropod)
    Symphylans occur worldwide but chiefly in the tropics. Most live in and eat decaying plant matter, although some feed on dead insects and the tender parts of living plants. The so-called garden centipede (Scutigerella immaculata) of North America, Europe, and Hawaii damages beets, celery, lettuce, and other crops. Scolopendrella is common in North America....
  • Garden Cities of Tomorrow (work by Howard)
    In the 1880s Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform. Not published until 1898, this work was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. In this book he proposed the founding of “garden cities,” each a self-sufficient entity—not a dormitory suburb—of 30,000 population, and each ringed by an......
  • Garden City (Singapore)
    city, capital of the Republic of Singapore. It occupies the southern part of Singapore Island. Its strategic position on the strait between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, complemented by its deepwater harbour, has made it the largest port in Southeast Asia and one of the world’s greatest commercial centres. The city, once a distinct entity, so ca...
  • Garden City (New York, United States)
    residential village, town (township) of Hempstead, Nassau county, New York, U.S. It is located on western Long Island. One of the nation’s first planned communities, it was the aspiration of textile merchant Alexander Turney Stewart, who bought a 7,000-acre (2,800-hectare) tract of land there in 1...
  • Garden City (Kansas, United States)
    city, seat (1883) of Finney county, southwestern Kansas, U.S. It lies on the Arkansas River. Founded in 1878, it acquired its name through the suggestion of a visitor who admired a local flower garden. The city is the centre of an irrigated agricultural area of the Arkansas River valley known for its alfalfa, wheat, grain sorghum, sugar beets, and livestock. T...
  • garden city (urban planning)
    the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town planner Ebenezer Howard and promoted by him in Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform (1898). Howard’s plan for garden cities was a response to the need for improvement in the quality of urban life, which had become marred by overcrowding and congestion due to uncontrolled growth sinc...
  • garden cress (plant)
    ...is a hardy creeping perennial plant, native to Europe but extensively naturalized elsewhere in streams, pools, and ditches. Fresh watercress is used as a salad green and sandwich filling. Common garden cress, or peppergrass (Lepidium sativum), a fast-growing, often weedy native of western Asia, is widely grown, especially in its curl-leaved form, and the seedlings are used as a......
  • garden currant (shrub)
    ...English, or European, gooseberry (R. uva-crispa), American gooseberry (R. hirtellum), black currant (R. nigrum), buffalo currant (R. odoratum), and common, or garden or red, currant (R. rubrum). Species of ornamental value include the alpine currant (R. alpinum); buffalo currant; fuchsia-flowered gooseberry (R. speciosum); golden, or clove,......
  • garden fleahopper (insect)
    The garden fleahopper (Halticus bractatus) is a small, shiny black jumping bug about 2 mm long. The forewings of this short-winged leaf bug lack a membrane and resemble the hard forewings of a beetle. The fleahopper sucks the juices from garden plants. There are usually five generations every season....
  • garden folly (architecture)
    (from French folie, “foolishness”), also called Eyecatcher, in architecture, a costly, generally nonfunctional building that was erected to enhance a natural landscape. Follies first gained popularity in England, and they were particularly in vogue during the 18th and early 19th centuries, when landscape design was dominated by the tenets of Romanticism...
  • Garden Grove (California, United States)
    city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. Adjacent to the cities of Santa Ana (southeast) and Anaheim (northeast), Garden Grove is 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Los Angeles. The area was explored by Gaspar de Portolá in 1769 and was part of Rancho Los Nietos, a Spanish land grant made to Manu...
  • garden heliotrope (plant)
    ...are herbs or small shrubs with small regular to monosymmetric flowers, usually with a spur. They are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and in Andean South America. Valeriana officinalis (garden heliotrope) is a perennial herb prized for its spicy, fragrant flowers; it is native in Europe and Western Asia. Its dried rhizome yields valerian, a natural sedative. Nardostachys......
  • garden heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens)
    ...or temperate, mostly herbaceous plants that make up the genus Heliotropium (family Boraginaceae) and are distributed throughout the world. The genus has many weedy species. The best known is garden heliotrope (H. arborescens), a shrubby perennial up to 2 m (over 6 feet) tall but usually less. It has fragrant, purple to white, flat-clustered, five-lobed flowers in coiled sprays,......
  • Garden Island (island, Western Australia, Australia)
    Australian island in the Indian Ocean, just off the southwest coast of Western Australia, 30 mi (48 km) southwest of Perth. With Green and Penguin islands, it shelters Cockburn Sound (east) and the approaches to the ports of Fremantle, Kwinana, and Rockingham. Measuring 6 mi by 1 mi, it has an area of 2,338 ac (946 ha) and is generally sandy and thickly wooded, rising to 211 ft ...
  • Garden Isle (island, Hawaii, United States)
    volcanic island, Kauai county, Hawaii, U.S. It lies 72 miles (116 km) northwest of Oahu island across the Kauai Channel. The northernmost and geologically the oldest of the major Hawaiian Islands, it is also the most verdant and is known as the Garden Isle. With an area of 552 square miles (1,430 square km), the nearly circular isle, whose name is of uncertain...
  • Garden Key (island, Florida, United States)
    ...for the tortoises (Spanish tortugas) that abounded there. Later mariners added the accurate adjective dry. A lighthouse was constructed on Garden Key in 1825, and another was built on the largest key, Loggerhead, in 1856. Fort Jefferson is the largest all-masonry fortification in the Americas. It remained in Union hands during the......
  • Garden, Mary (Scottish singer)
    soprano famous for her vivid operatic portrayals. She was noted for her acting as well as her singing and was an important figure in American opera....
  • garden mignonette (plant)
    ...leaf blades are typically pinnately lobed. Mignonettes bear long spikes—technically racemes—of small white or yellowish green flowers that have orange anthers (pollen sacs). The popular garden mignonette (R. odorata) assumes the form of a low dense mass of soft green foliage studded freely with the racemes of flowers. This species is widely grown for its flowers’ del...
  • Garden of Allah, The (film by Boleslawski [1936])
    ...Way You Look Tonight” from Swing Time; music by Jerome Kern, lyrics by Dorothy FieldsHonorary Award: March of TimeHonorary Award: W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson for The Garden of Allah...
  • Garden of Cyrus, or the Quincunciall Lozenge, or Net-Work Plantations of the Ancients, The (work by Browne)
    ...superstitions. In 1658 he published his third book, two treatises on antiquarian subjects, Hydriotaphia, Urne-Buriall, or, A Discourse of the Sepulchrall Urnes lately found in Norfolk, and The Garden of Cyrus, or the Quincunciall Lozenge, or Net-Work Plantations of the Ancients. Around the theme of the urns he wove a tissue of solemn reflections on death and the transience of huma...
  • “Garden of Delights” (work by Bosch)
    The “Garden of Earthly Delights,” representative of Bosch at his mature best, shows the earthly paradise with the creation of woman, the first temptation, and the fall. The painting’s beautiful and unsettling images of sensuality and of the dreams that afflict the people who live in a pleasure-seeking world express Bosch’s iconographic originality with tremendous force....
  • Garden of Earthly Delights (work by Bosch)
    The “Garden of Earthly Delights,” representative of Bosch at his mature best, shows the earthly paradise with the creation of woman, the first temptation, and the fall. The painting’s beautiful and unsettling images of sensuality and of the dreams that afflict the people who live in a pleasure-seeking world express Bosch’s iconographic originality with tremendous force....
  • Garden of Earthly Delights, A (novel by Oates)
    In her early work, especially A Garden of Earthly Delights (1967) and them (1969), Joyce Carol Oates worked naturalistically with violent urban materials, such as the Detroit riots. Incredibly prolific, she later experimented with Surrealism in Wonderland (1971) and Gothic fantasy in......
  • Garden of Eden and the Throne of God, The (work by Ogunde)
    Ogunde’s first folk opera, The Garden of Eden and the Throne of God, was performed with success in 1944 while he was still a member of the Nigerian Police Force. It was produced under the patronage of an African Protestant sect, and it mixed biblical themes with the traditions of Yoruba dance-drama. His popularity was established throughout Nigeria by his timely play Strike and......
  • Garden of Students (school system, Indonesia)
    original name Raden Mas (Lord) Suwardi Surjaningrat founder of the Taman Siswa (literally “Garden of Students”) school system, an influential and widespread network of schools that encouraged modernization but also promoted indigenous Indonesian culture....
  • Garden of the Finzi-Continis, The (book by Bassani)
    ...Bassani his first commercial success and the Strega Prize (offered annually for the best Italian literary work). The Ferrara setting recurs in Bassani’s best-known book, the semiautobiographical Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (1962; The Garden of the Finzi-Continis; film, 1971). The narrator of this work contrasts his own middle-class Jewish family with the aristocratic, dec...
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