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  • Habakkuk (Ethiopian author)
    ...were destroyed; Islāmization was widespread, and, even after the repulsion of the invaders, the country never fully recovered. A Muslim merchant who had been converted to Christianity and, as Enbaqom (Habakkuk), became prior of the monastery of Debre Libanos, wrote Anqasʾa amin (“Gate of Faith”) to justify his conversion and to persuade apostates to recant. Ot...
  • Habakkuk and the Angel (work by Bernini)
    ...for St. Peter’s, but a few of them are of outstanding interest. For the Chigi Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, he carved two groups, “Daniel in the Lions’ Den” and “Habakkuk and the Angel” (1655–61). These works show the beginnings of his late style: elongation of the body, expressive gesture, and simplified yet emphatic em...
  • Habakkuk, The Book of (Old Testament)
    the eighth of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets. The book betrays the influence of liturgical forms, suggesting that either Habakkuk was a cult prophet or that those responsible for the final form of the book were cult personnel....
  • Habana, La (Cuba)
    city, capital, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. It also constitutes one of Cuba’s 14 provinces....
  • Habana vieja, La (district, Havana, Cuba)
    ...a residential area. It is richly endowed with historic buildings, representing architectural styles from the 16th through the 19th century. Covering some three square miles and hugging the harbour, Old Havana includes Spanish colonial structures, towering Baroque churches, and buildings in Neoclassic style, as well as commercial property and less pretentious homes on the fringes....
  • Habaner faience ware (pottery)
    ...forced groups of Habans to leave Habsburg-ruled Hungary for Transylvania. The community, which was made up mainly of artisans, was famous for its pottery. The form and decoration of the so-called Habaner faience ware (jars, jugs, plates, bowls, tiles, and even small barrels) originally displayed Tyrolean and Italian influences. This was succeeded by a more Hungarian style that reflected......
  • Habans (religious community)
    member of the community of Anabaptists who moved from Switzerland through Austria to Bohemia and then, in the 16th century, migrated to northern Hungary....
  • Habara (India)
    city, east-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. Howrah lies along the west bank of the Hooghly River directly opposite Calcutta. It is Calcutta’s largest satellite city and is the second largest city in West Bengal state. Howrah has major Grand Trunk Road connections and is the eastern terminus of major rail lines traversing eastern, northern, and central India....
  • Ḥabash, George (Palestinian political leader)
    militant Palestinian and leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)....
  • Habashat (people)
    The kingdom of Aksum in Eritrea is mentioned in Sabaean texts of the 2nd century ad as having some not very definable link with Habashite (“Abyssinian”) people settled in the Arabian coastal areas, who were throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries a thorn in the flesh of both Sabaean and Ḥimyaro-Sabaean rulers, even at one point occupying Ẓafār. Tension...
  • Habashite (people)
    The kingdom of Aksum in Eritrea is mentioned in Sabaean texts of the 2nd century ad as having some not very definable link with Habashite (“Abyssinian”) people settled in the Arabian coastal areas, who were throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries a thorn in the flesh of both Sabaean and Ḥimyaro-Sabaean rulers, even at one point occupying Ẓafār. Tension...
  • Ḥabbāniyyah, Hawr al- (lake, Iraq)
    lake in al-Anbār muḥāfaẓah (governorate), western Iraq. It is a shallow body of slightly saline water, 54 sq mi (140 sq km) in area, separated from the Euphrates River to the north by the Asibi and Zaban ridges. The lake has been used since antiquity for storing floodwater from the Euphrates; it now provides water for irrigation as well. A barrage at ar-Ram...
  • Habbema, Koos (Dutch author)
    Dutch author and playwright, both naturalistic and didactic, who in his work attacked all aspects of bourgeois hypocrisy....
  • Habbie Simson stanza (poetry)
    ...of Kilbarchan” (1640). This humorous poem in Scots was included by James Watson in his Choice Collection (1706), and its fame was assured when the poet Allan Ramsay called its metre “Standart Habbie” and used it himself in several poems. “Standart Habbie,” sometimes called the “Habbie Simson stanza,” was later known, after its greatest......
  • Habbus (caliph of Granada)
    ...the attention of the Granadan vizier, who employed him as his private secretary. He soon became an invaluable political adviser to the vizier, who, at his death, commended Samuel to the caliph Ḥabbūs. The caliph made Samuel the new vizier, and as such he assumed direction of Granada’s diplomatic and military affairs....
  • Habdalah (Jewish ceremony)
    a ceremony in Jewish homes and in synagogues concluding the Sabbath and religious festivals. The ceremony consists of benedictions that are recited over a cup of wine (and, on the night of the Sabbath, over spices and a braided candle) to praise God, who deigned to sanctify these days and thus “separate” them from routine weekdays. The prayer distinguishes holy from secular, light fr...
  • habeas corpus (common law)
    an ancient common-law writ, issued by a court or judge directing one who holds another in his custody to produce the body of the person before the court for some specified purpose. Although there have been and are many varieties of the writ, the most important is that used to correct violations of personal liberty by directing judicial inquiry into the legality of a detention. ...
  • Habeas Corpus Act (England [1679])
    Many of the procedures that made for effective assertion of these rights were provided by the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, which authorized judges to issue the writ when courts were on vacation and provided severe penalties for any judge who refused to comply with it. Its use was expanded during the 19th century to cover those held under private authority. In 1960 legislation was enacted limiting......
  • Habeas Corpus Act (United States [1867])
    ...jailed for sedition after criticizing both the local Union military commander and Congress. He was denied the benefit of habeas corpus but sought to take advantage of the Radicals’ recently passed Habeas Corpus Act, designed to protect newly freed slaves against Southern state courts....
  • Habeler, Peter (Austrian explorer and mountaineer)
    mountain climber and polar trekker who was renowned for his pioneering and difficult ascents of the world’s highest peaks. In 1978 he and Austrian Peter Habeler were the first to climb Mount Everest (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest), the highest mountain in the world, without the use of contained oxygen for breathing, and two years la...
  • Habenaria (Habenaria species)
    any plant of the genus Platanthera (or Habenaria), family Orchidaceae, which has about 100 species native to Eurasia, North Africa, and North and Central America. “Butterfly orchid” is also the common name for a species of the genus Psychopsis....
  • Habeneck, François-Antoine (French musician)
    French violinist, conductor, and composer....
  • Haber ammonia process (chemistry)
    method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, developed by the German physical chemist Fritz Haber. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1918 for this method, which made the manufacture of ammonia economically feasible. The method was translated into a large-scale process using a catalyst and ...
  • Haber, Fritz (German chemist)
    German physical chemist and winner of the 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his successful work on nitrogen fixation. The Haber-Bosch process combined nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia in industrial quantities for production of fertilizer and munitions. Haber is also well known for his supervision o...
  • Haber, Ludwig (German economist and historian)
    ...gas-warfare program, and his second marriage to Charlotta Nathan ended in divorce in 1927. Haber had a son (Hermann) by his first wife and both a daughter (Eva) and son (Ludwig) by his second wife. Ludwig Haber became a well-known economist and historian of industrial chemistry. In 1986 he published The Poisonous Cloud, a definitive history of the use of gas warfare during World......
  • Haber, Robert Alan (American activist)
    ...1959, had its origins in the student branch of the League for Industrial Democracy, a social-democratic educational organization. An organizational meeting was held in Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1960, and Robert Alan Haber was elected president of SDS. Initially SDS chapters throughout the nation were involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Operating under the principles of the “Port Huron......
  • Haber-Bosch process (chemistry)
    method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, developed by the German physical chemist Fritz Haber. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1918 for this method, which made the manufacture of ammonia economically feasible. The method was translated into a large-scale process using a catalyst and ...
  • Haberlandt, Gottlieb (Austrian botanist)
    Austrian botanist, pioneer in the development of physiological plant anatomy, and the first person to study plant tissue culture (1921)....
  • Haberlandt, Ludwig (Austrian physiologist)
    ...John Marshall. The first extract of estrogen was produced in 1913, and the pure compound was isolated by the Americans Willard Allen and Alan Doisy in 1923. At this time an Austrian physiologist, Ludwig Haberlandt, was carrying out experiments on rabbits to apply the new-found knowledge of hormones for contraceptive ends. By 1927 he was able to write, “It needs no amplification, of all.....
  • Haberler, Gottfried von (American economist, writer, and educator)
    Austrian-born American economist, writer, and educator whose major field of expertise was international trade....
  • Habermas, Jürgen (German sociologist)
    As noted above, post-structuralists viewed the concepts of truth, knowledge, and reason as little more than the intellectual instruments of established power. Their supreme cynicism in this regard was perhaps most dramatically expressed by Foucault, who proclaimed in an interview that “all knowledge rests upon injustice,” that “the instinct for knowledge is malicious,”....
  • Habīb al-Siyar (work by Khwāndamīr)
    ...outstanding works are Khulāsat al-Akhbār (“The Perfection of the Narratives”), written in 1499–1500 for the Timurid minister and author Mir Ali Shir Navai; Habīb al-Siyar (“The Friend of Biographies”), a general history finished in 1524, the most valuable sections of which deal with the reigns of Sultan Ḥusayn Baykara ...
  • Habib Bank, Ltd. (Pakistani company)
    ...of Pakistan (1961), the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (1961), and the House Building Finance Corporation (1952). There are a number of private banks, many of which operate from Karachi. Habib Bank, Ltd., is one of the oldest. The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was founded in Pakistan in 1972; BCCI’s collapse in 1991 precipitated a major international banking...
  • Habib, Philip Charles (United States diplomat)
    U.S. diplomat who had a distinguished 30-year career as a U.S. foreign-service officer, notably in his efforts in the Middle East in the 1970s and ’80s....
  • Habibi, Emile (Israeli Arab writer)
    Israeli Arab writer (b. Aug. 29, 1922, Haifa, Palestine [now in Israel]--d. May 2, 1996, Nazareth, Israel), became one of the most popular authors in the Middle East as a result of works depicting the conflicts in loyalties experienced by Palestinians living as an Arab minority in the Jewish state of Israel. In such works as Strange Events in the Disappearance of Said Abu al-Nahs al-Mutashael...
  • Habibie, B. J. (president of Indonesia)
    An aircraft engineer seemed an unlikely central figure in the closure of outspoken publications, a billion-dollar controversy over used warships, and the removal of powerful ex-generals from the top of Indonesia’s ruling Golkar political organization. Yet all three of these events were linked to B.J. Habibie, Indonesia’s research and technology minister and the former chief of resea...
  • Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf (president of Indonesia)
    An aircraft engineer seemed an unlikely central figure in the closure of outspoken publications, a billion-dollar controversy over used warships, and the removal of powerful ex-generals from the top of Indonesia’s ruling Golkar political organization. Yet all three of these events were linked to B.J. Habibie, Indonesia’s research and technology minister and the former chief of resea...
  • Ḥabībollāh Khān (emir of Afghanistan)
    ruler of Afghanistan from 1901 to 1919. Maintaining satisfactory relations with British India, he introduced needed reforms in Afghanistan and steered his country on a moderate political course....
  • Habima (Hebrew theatrical company)
    (Hebrew: “Stage”), Hebrew theatre company originally organized as Habima ha-ʿIvrit (Hebrew: “the Hebrew Stage”) in Białystok, in Russian Poland, in 1912 by Nahum Zemach. The troupe traveled in 1913 to Vienna, where it staged Osip Dymov’s Hear O Israel before the 11th Zionist Congress. In 1917, after World War I caused the ensemble to dissolv...
  • Habima ha-ʿIvrit (Hebrew theatrical company)
    (Hebrew: “Stage”), Hebrew theatre company originally organized as Habima ha-ʿIvrit (Hebrew: “the Hebrew Stage”) in Białystok, in Russian Poland, in 1912 by Nahum Zemach. The troupe traveled in 1913 to Vienna, where it staged Osip Dymov’s Hear O Israel before the 11th Zionist Congress. In 1917, after World War I caused the ensemble to dissolv...
  • Habimah (Hebrew theatrical company)
    (Hebrew: “Stage”), Hebrew theatre company originally organized as Habima ha-ʿIvrit (Hebrew: “the Hebrew Stage”) in Białystok, in Russian Poland, in 1912 by Nahum Zemach. The troupe traveled in 1913 to Vienna, where it staged Osip Dymov’s Hear O Israel before the 11th Zionist Congress. In 1917, after World War I caused the ensemble to dissolv...
  • Habiru (people)
    ...parents were from the tribe of Levi, one of the groups in Egypt called Hebrews. Originally the term Hebrew had nothing to do with race or ethnic origin. It derived from Habiru, a variant spelling of Ḫapiru (Apiru), a designation of a class of people who made their living by hiring themselves out for various services. The biblical Hebrews had been in Egypt for generations, but......
  • habit (behaviour)
    in psychology, any regularly repeated behaviour that requires little or no thought and is learned rather than innate. A habit—which can be part of any activity, ranging from eating and sleeping to thinking and reacting—is developed through reinforcement and repetition. Reinforcement encourages the repetition of a behaviour, or response, each tim...
  • habit (religious dress)
    Roman Catholicism for centuries has fostered a distinct clerical identity, symbolized by clerical garb, which sets priests as a class apart from lay Catholics. The priesthood is also set apart by gender; only men may become Catholic priests. The most striking feature of this class, celibacy, has stirred up considerable dissatisfaction in the modern church. Many priests and other observers have......
  • habit (crystallography)
    Long prismatic, acicular, or fibrous crystal habit, Mohs hardness between 5 and 6, and two directions of cleavage intersecting at approximately 56° and 124° generally suffice to identify amphiboles in hand specimens. The specific gravity values of amphiboles range from about 2.9 to 3.6. Amphiboles yield water when heated in a closed tube and fuse with difficulty in a flame. Their col...
  • habit (plant structure)
    Sapindales is overwhelmingly composed of woody plants—mostly trees, large shrubs, and woody climbers. The latter are particularly common in Sapindaceae (Paullinia, Serjania, and Urvillea) and Anacardiaceae (Toxicodendron). Many beautiful forest trees belong to this order. The largest trees are in Sapindaceae; they include Schleichera oleosa (Ceylon oak),.....
  • habitant (people)
    The rural settlements were created under a variation of the French seigneurial system of landlords and tenants, under which the latter, who came to be called habitants, had considerable autonomy because land was plentiful and because they could supplement their livelihood with work in the fur trade or in the burgeoning forestry industry after 1800. These dispersed rural settlements, which......
  • habitat (biology)
    place where an organism or a community of organisms lives, including all living and nonliving factors or conditions of the surrounding environment. A host organism inhabited by parasites is as much a habitat as a terrestrial place such as a grove of trees or an aquatic locality such as a small pond. Microhabitat is a term for the conditions and organisms in the immediate vicinit...
  • Habitat ’67 (building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
    Canadian-Israeli architect who designed Habitat ’67 at the site of Expo 67, a year-long international exhibition at Montreal. Habitat ’67 was a prefabricated concrete housing complex comprising three clusters of individual apartment units arranged like irregularly stacked blocks along a zigzagged framework. This bold experiment in prefabricated housing using modular units aroused in...
  • habitat corridor (ecology)
    ...risks previously discussed. Yet in total the fragments may actually be of sufficient area to support these species. An obvious conservation intervention is to find ways of connecting fragments by corridors. These corridors can be created from currently unprotected land between existing reserves or by restoring land between existing habitat fragments....
  • Habitat for Humanity (philanthropic organization)
    ...risks previously discussed. Yet in total the fragments may actually be of sufficient area to support these species. An obvious conservation intervention is to find ways of connecting fragments by corridors. These corridors can be created from currently unprotected land between existing reserves or by restoring land between existing habitat fragments.......
  • habitat loss (ecology)
    Although anticipating the effect of introduced species on future extinctions may be impossible, it is fairly easy to predict the magnitude of future extinctions from habitat loss, a factor that is simple to quantify and that is usually cited as being the most important cause of extinctions. (For birds, to give an example, some three-fourths of threatened species depend on forests, mostly......
  • habitat restoration (conservation)
    Once a habitat has been destroyed, the only remaining conservation tool is to restore it. The problems involved may be formidable, and they must include actions for dealing with what caused the destruction. Restorations are massive ecological experiments; as such, they are likely to meet with different degrees of success in different places. Restoration of the Everglades, for example, requires......
  • Habitat Stores (British company)
    ...Pottery Barn, Crate and Barrel, IKEA, and the EXPO Design Centers created by Home Depot. Those stores owed an enormous debt to the design mogul Sir Terence Conran and his pioneering designs for the Habitat Stores (1964 and later)....
  • habitation name (toponymy)
    ...information. A place-name is a word or words used to indicate, denote, or identify a geographic locality such as a town, river, or mountain. Toponymy divides place-names into two broad categories: habitation names and feature names. A habitation name denotes a locality that is peopled or inhabited, such as a homestead, village, or town, and usually dates from the locality’s inception. Fe...
  • habitual buying behaviour (business)
    There are two types of low-involvement purchases. Habitual buying behaviour occurs when involvement is low and differences between brands are small. Consumers in this case usually do not form a strong attitude toward a brand but select it because it is familiar. In these markets, promotions tend to be simple and repetitive so that the consumer can, without much effort, learn the association......
  • habitual offender (criminology)
    person who frequently has been convicted of criminal behaviour and is presumed to be a danger to society. In an attempt to protect society from such criminals, penal systems throughout the world provide for lengthier terms of imprisonment for them than for first-time offenders. In the 1990s habitual-offender laws became harsher, and in extreme cases some offenders were detained ...
  • habitual offender law (law)
    ...less susceptible to intervention than was once believed, and many jurisdictions have resorted to strict penal solutions, such as sexual-predator laws, which provide for indefinite incarceration for habitual sexual offenders. The treatment or cure of offenders is thought to be more difficult when the victims are young children or toddlers, and compulsive pedophiles are viewed as intractable......
  • habituation (behaviour)
    the waning of an animal’s behavioral response to a stimulus, as a result of a lack of reinforcement during continual exposure to the stimulus. It is usually considered to be a form of learning involving the elimination of behaviours that are not needed by the animal. Habituation may be separated from most other forms of decreased response (not including changes caused by maturation or seas...
  • “Hable con ella” (film by Almodóvar)
    ...Matador (1986), which was roundly criticized in Spain for its negative portrayal of the corrida, and Hable con ella (2002; Talk to Her), which deals with, among other things, the relationship between a female bullfighter and her lover. In art as in society, bullfighting’s “dance with death” sparks......
  • Hablose slaegter (novel by Bang)
    Bang was the son of a clergyman. Rejected as an actor in 1877, he became a journalist and critic. His first novel, Håblose slaegter (1880; “Hopeless Generations”), was confiscated as immoral for its depiction of the life of a decadent homosexual writer. Although he also wrote plays, poetry, short stories, and criticism, Bang is best known for his novels, some of which.....
  • haboku (Japanese painting style)
    ...the true subject. His long landscape scroll produced for the Mori clan in Yamaguchi is a brilliant study of boldly described forms in linear movement. He is also known for his landscapes in the haboku (“splashed-ink”) technique, a style promulgated by Chinese Ch’an Buddhist painters who likened the spontaneous brushwork and intuitively understood (rather than realist...
  • Haboku-sansui (scroll by Sesshu)
    ...them are hanging scrolls (kakemono) representing autumn and winter. The third is a landscape painted in the haboku, or splashed-ink technique, and therefore usually referred to as the “Haboku-sansui” scroll. Painted in 1495, this work was given by Sesshū to his pupil Sōen when he returned to Kamakura after studying under the master....
  • haboob (wind storm)
    strong wind that occurs along the southern edges of the Sahara in The Sudan and is associated with large sandstorms and duststorms and may be accompanied by thunderstorms. It usually lasts about three hours, is most common during the summer, and may blow from any direction. A haboob may transport huge quantities of sand or dust, which move as a dense wall that can reach a height...
  • Habré, Hissène (Chadian political leader)
    ...were brought in at President Goukouni Oueddei’s request in December 1980 and were withdrawn, again at his request, in November 1981. In a reverse movement the Armed Forces of the North (FAN) of Hissène Habré, which had retreated into The Sudan in December 1980, reoccupied all the important towns in eastern Chad in November 1981. Peacekeeping forces of the Organization of......
  • Habrobracon (wasp)
    There are, however, serious objections to the somatic mutation theory. The wasp Habrobracon is an insect that reproduces parthenogenetically (i.e., without the need of sperm to fertilize the egg). It is possible to obtain individuals with either a diploid, or paired, set of chromosomes, as in most higher organisms, or a haploid, single, set. Any gene mutation in a haploid cell at......
  • Habsburg, House of (European dynasty)
    royal German family, one of the principal sovereign dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century....
  • Habsburg-Este, House of (European dynasty)
    ...the daughter of Francis I and Napoleon’s second wife. At her death the duchy was to revert to the Bourbon-Parma family, which was also temporarily placed in charge of the duchy of Lucca. The Habsburg-Este family returned to Modena and inherited the duchy of Massa in 1825. Also in Tuscany, the Habsburg-Lorraine family added the State of the Garrisons to its former domains and was given......
  • Habsburg-Lorraine, House of (European dynasty)
    ...Bourbon-Parma family, which was also temporarily placed in charge of the duchy of Lucca. The Habsburg-Este family returned to Modena and inherited the duchy of Massa in 1825. Also in Tuscany, the Habsburg-Lorraine family added the State of the Garrisons to its former domains and was given claim to Lucca, which the Bourbon-Parma family was to relinquish in 1847. The pope recovered his temporal.....
  • Habsburgs (European dynasty)
    royal German family, one of the principal sovereign dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century....
  • Ḥabshī (African and Abyssinian slaves)
    African and Abyssinian slaves in pre-British India. The name derives from the Arabic word Ḥabashī, meaning Abyssinian, through its Persian form. Such slaves, frequently employed by the chiefs of Muslim India, especially in the Deccan, were believed to have great physical prowess and ability and a lack of personal ties, which promoted loyalty....
  • ḥabsīyah (literature)
    ...Saʿd-e Salmān (died 1121) composed a number of heartfelt qaṣīdahs during his political imprisonment. They are outstanding examples of the category of ḥabsīyah (prison poem), which usually reveals more of the author’s personal feelings than other literary forms. Other famous examples of ḥabsīyahs include those......
  • Habur Nehri (river, Turkey-Syria)
    river, an important tributary of the Euphrates River. It rises in the mountains of southeastern Turkey near Diyarbakır and flows southeastward to Al-Ḥasakah, Syria, where it receives its main tributary, the Jaghjagh; it then meanders south to join the Euphrates downstream from Dayr az-Zawr. The Khābūr (“Source of Fertility”) has a total ...
  • Habyarimana, Juvénal (president of Rwanda)
    Rwandan army officer and politician (b. March 8, 1937?, Gasizi, Gisenyi province, Ruanda-Urundi--d. April 6, 1994, near Kigali, Rwanda), ruled Rwanda almost single-handedly for more than 20 years after he seized power in a bloodless coup on July 5, 1973. Habyarimana studied humanities and mathematics at St. Paul’s College and medicine at Lovanium University, both in Belgian Congo (now Zaire...
  • HACCP system (food processing)
    Several meat-processing plants have begun to utilize a program called the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to reduce pathogenic contamination. This program identifies the steps in the conversion of livestock to human food where the product is at risk of contamination by microorganisms. Once identified, these points, known as critical control points, are examined to......
  • HACE (pathology)
    Two other medical conditions can affect climbers at high elevations. High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) occurs when the body responds to the lack of oxygen by increasing blood flow to the brain; the brain begins to swell, and coma and death may occur. High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a similar condition in which the body circulates additional blood to the lungs; this blood begins to......
  • Hace tiempos (work by Carrasquilla)
    ...Marquesa de Yolombó (1928; “The Marchioness of Yolombó”). His blindness in later life did not prevent him from completing the work many critics consider his best, Hace tiempos, 3 vol. (1935–36; “Long Ago”), which he was forced to dictate....
  • “Hacedor, El” (work by Borges)
    The works that date from this late period, such as El hacedor (1960; “The Doer,” Eng. trans. Dreamtigers) and El libro de los seres imaginarios (1967; The Book of Imaginary Beings), almost erase the distinctions between the genres of prose and poetry. His later collections of stories include El informe de Brodie (1970;....
  • hacendado (Central American and South American landowners)
    ...of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily Indians, who worked for hacendados (landowners) were theoretically free wage earners, but in practice their employers were able to bind them to the land, especially by keeping them in an indebted state; by the 19th......
  • hacha (Mesoamerican art)
    ...a ritual object or trophy representing an actual protective device—worn together with the yugo, or yoke, and the hacha, or axe—used in tlachtli, the ceremonial ball game. Tlachtli was not unlike modern football (soccer); the object......
  • Hácha, Emil (Czech politician)
    ...once. Tiso returned to Bratislava to inform the Slovak Diet that the only alternative to becoming a Nazi protectorate was invasion. They complied. All that remained to the new president in Prague, Emil Hácha, was the core region of Bohemia and Moravia. It was time, said Hácha with heavy sarcasm, “to consult our friends in Germany.” There Hitler subjected the elderly,...
  • Hached, Ferhat (Tunisian labour leader)
    ...troubled situation continued until December 1952, when trade unions in Casablanca organized a protest meeting in response to the alleged French terrorist assassination of the Tunisian union leader Ferhat Hached. Subsequently, a clash with the police resulted in the arrest of hundreds of nationalists, who were held for two years without trial....
  • Hachette, Louis-Christophe-François (French publisher)
    French publisher who issued a wide range of textbooks, dictionaries, and numerous other publications that gave impetus to French education and culture....
  • Hachijūrō (Japanese politician)
    Japanese soldier-politician who helped to establish the 1868 Meiji Restoration (which ended the feudal Tokugawa shogunate and reinstated direct rule of the emperor) and who became a major figure in the new government until 1876, when he led a short-lived revolt that cost him his life....
  • Hachiman (Shinto deity)
    one of the most popular Shintō deities of Japan; the patron deity of the Minamoto clan and of warriors in general; often referred to as the god of war. Hachiman is commonly regarded as the deification of Ōjin, the 15th emperor of Japan. He is seldom worshipped alone, however, and Hachiman shrines are most frequently dedicated to three deities: Hachiman as Ōjin, his mother the ...
  • Hachiman Plateau (plateau, Japan)
    ...ken (prefecture), northwestern Honshu, Japan, on the Sea of Japan coast. Its area of 4,483 square miles (11,612 square km) is divided between lowlands (west) and a plateau region (east). The Hachiman Plateau is dotted with volcanoes such as Mount Komaga (5,371 feet [1,637 m]), near the eastern border with Iwate prefecture. The plateau is covered with white fir trees and alpine plants......
  • Hachiman-tai (plateau, Japan)
    ...ken (prefecture), northwestern Honshu, Japan, on the Sea of Japan coast. Its area of 4,483 square miles (11,612 square km) is divided between lowlands (west) and a plateau region (east). The Hachiman Plateau is dotted with volcanoes such as Mount Komaga (5,371 feet [1,637 m]), near the eastern border with Iwate prefecture. The plateau is covered with white fir trees and alpine plants......
  • Hachinohe (Japan)
    city, Aomori ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean. It was a castle town during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867) and served as a small commercial centre and port for the excellent fishing grounds off southeastern Hokkaido. The processing of marine products developed after the late 19th century, and industry (ammonium sulfate, steel, cement) was intr...
  • Hachiōji (Japan)
    city, Tokyo to (metropolis), Honshu, Japan, on the Chūō Line (railway), west of Tokyo. A castle town in the Middle Ages, it prospered as a market and post town during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). Hachiōji has long been well known as a silk-weaving centre. After the late 19th century, the textile industry developed rapidly, and the city became ...
  • Hachirō Lagoon (lagoon, Japan)
    ...Ōu and Dewa mountain ranges, is crossed by rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan. Chief among them are the Yoneshiro River (north), the Omono River (central), and the Ishizawa River (south). Hachirō Lagoon, on the Oga Peninsula, was once the second largest body of water in Japan after Lake Biwa and was about 50 miles (80 km) in circumference, but it was almost totally reclaimed for...
  • Hachiro Motoyasu (Japanese nō dramatist)
    nō dramatist and actor, grandson of nō actor and dramatist Komparu Zenchiku....
  • Hachisu no tsuyu (work by Ryokan)
    ...Echigo province, where he studied the Man’yōshū and ancient calligraphy. He developed a strong master-pupil relationship with a young nun, Teishin, who after his death compiled Hachisu no tsuyu (1835; “Dew on the Lotus”), a collection of his haiku and waka poems. He also executed many pieces of calligraphy that are esteemed for their elega...
  • Hacho, Mount (mountain, Ceuta, Spain)
    Gibraltar is considered one of the two Pillars of Heracles (Hercules), the other being Mount Hacho, on the African coast opposite. The Pillars, which according to Homer were created when Heracles broke the mountain that had connected Africa and Europe, defined the western limits of navigation for the ancient Mediterranean world. Since the 18th century Gibraltar has been a symbol of British......
  • hachure (cartography)
    ...or perspective appearance as envisioned by the cartographer. Little effort was made at true depiction as this was beyond the scope of available information and existing capabilities. Form lines and hachures, among other devices, were also used in attempting to show the land’s shape. Hachures are short lines laid down in a pattern to indicate direction of slope. When it became feasible to...
  • Haci Halife (Turkish historian)
    Turkish historian, geographer, and bibliographer. ...
  • Hacia otra España (work by Maeztu)
    Maeztu’s mother was of English origin, his father Basque. After living in Cuba he returned to Spain and became a leading member of the Generation of ’98. In 1899 he published his first book, Hacia otra España (“Toward Another Spain”), in which he called for Spain to break with its past and enter the European mainstream. Fluent in English, he was the London...
  • hacienda (estate)
    in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily Indians, who worked for hacendados (landowners) were theoretically free wage earners, but in practice their employers were able to bind them to the land, especially by keeping...
  • Hacılar (ancient site, Turkey)
    At Hacılar, a Chalcolithic site near Burdur, Turkey, village houses were entered at ground level; their standard plan shows the first evidence of conscious architectural symmetry. Much in evidence among the contents of these houses is pottery painted with extremely decorative designs. The same ornament was applied to anthropomorphic jars and stylized human idols found in graves. A higher......
  • hackberry (tree)
    any of several trees of the genus Celtis, with about 70 species in the hemp family (Cannabaceae), that are valued for their wood or for ornamental qualities. They are distributed primarily in temperate and tropical areas....
  • hackbut (weapon)
    first gun fired from the shoulder, a smoothbore matchlock with a stock resembling that of a rifle. The harquebus was invented in Spain in the mid-15th century. It was often fired from a support, against which the recoil was transferred from a hook on the gun. Its name seems to derive from German words meaning “hooked gun.” The bore varied, and its effective range was less than 650 fe...
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