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  • Harding, Warren Gamaliel (president of United States)
    29th president of the United States (1921–23). Pledging a nostalgic “return to normalcy” following World War I, Harding won the presidency by the greatest popular vote margin to that time. He died during his third year in office and was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge. His brief administration accomplished little of lasting value, however, and soon after his death ...
  • Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount (governor general of India)
    British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in 1844–48....
  • Hardinge of Penshurst, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron (viceroy of India)
    British diplomat and viceroy of India who improved British relations in India and was instrumental in securing India’s support for Great Britain in World War I....
  • Hardinge, Sir Arthur (commissioner of East Africa)
    ...the British government made Buganda a protectorate and paid the company £250,000 to surrender its charter to the area that is now Kenya. The East Africa Protectorate was then proclaimed, with Sir Arthur Hardinge as the first commissioner. Initially the British government did not attach much importance to the new protectorate because Hardinge continued to reside in Zanzibar, where he......
  • Hardingfele (musical instrument)
    ...strings tuned according to the notes of the mode being played. The South Asian fiddle, or sarangi, has from 35 to 40 sympathetic strings; the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele) has 4 sympathetic strings, the viola d’amore 6 or more. Sympathetic strings are generally made of thin brass or steel, and......
  • hardness (physics)
    4. Hardness and ductility depend on perfection of the crystal structure. It is thus found that irradiation results in a loss of ductility and an increase in hardness. Such effects are attributed to glide-plane obstruction in the crystal. Most structured materials become harder, less ductile, and sometimes more brittle as the result of neutron irradiation. Similarly, most polymers also lose......
  • hardness tester (device)
    device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, or hard steel....
  • Hardoi (India)
    city, central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies northwest of Lucknow on the Northern Railway, at a major road junction. Hardoi is a market for grain and other crops. The city’s industries include sugar milling, processing of potassium nitrate, and woodworking....
  • Hardouin, Jean (French scholar)
    French Jesuit scholar who edited numerous secular and ecclesiastical works, most notably the texts of the councils of the Christian church....
  • Hardouin-Mansart, Jules (French architect)
    French architect and city planner to King Louis XIV who completed the design of Versailles....
  • hardpan (geology)
    calcium-rich duricrust, a hardened layer in or on a soil. It is formed on calcareous materials as a result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions. Calcite is dissolved in groundwater and, under drying conditions, is precipitated as the water evaporates at the surface. Rainwater saturated with carbon dioxide acts as an acid and also dissolves calcite and then redeposits it as a preci...
  • hardpan (pedology)
    Tillage, particularly conventional plowing, may create a hardpan, or plow sole; that is, a compacted layer just below the zone disturbed by tillage. Such layers are more prevalent with increasing levels of mechanization; they reduce crop yields and must be shattered, allowing water to be stored in and below the shattered zone for later crops....
  • Hardscrabble (Illinois, United States)
    city, La Salle county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Vermilion (locally Vermillion) River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Chicago. It was laid out in 1868 after the discovery of coal in the vicinity by Colonel Ralph Plumb. It was first called Hardscrabble, for the difficult climb up from the river, and was then known as Unionville after the...
  • hardstone
    Among the semiprecious stones used in jewelry are amethyst, garnet, aquamarine, amber, jade, turquoise, opal, lapis lazuli, and malachite. Matrix jewelry is cut from a stone such as opal or turquoise and the surrounding natural material, or matrix....
  • Hardt Mountains (mountains, Germany)
    mountain range in Rheinland-Pfalz Land (state), southwestern Germany. They comprise the eastern part of the Pfälzer Forest Mountains and lie west of the Rhine River basin, extending from the French border to a point about 20 miles (30 km) south of Mainz. Their densely forested slopes rise to 2,208 feet (673 m) in Mount Kalmit. Geologically the Haardt Mountains are a continuation of t...
  • hardun (lizard)
    Agama agama, a common gray lizard with a red or yellow head, is well adapted to gardens and to the bush and grasslands. The hardun (A. stellio), which is common in northern Egypt, has a tail ringed with spiked scales, giving it a ferocious appearance....
  • Hardwar (India)
    city, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. Haridwār lies along the Ganges River, at the boundary between the Indo-Gangetic Plain (south) and the Himalayan foothills (north). It is the site of the headworks of the Ganges Canal system. Haridwār is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus and a major pilgrimage centre. It has been known by many names; originally it was ...
  • hardware (building)
    mechanical device for securing a door or receptacle so that it cannot be opened except by a key or by a series of manipulations that can be carried out only by a person knowing the secret or code....
  • hardware (computing)
    Today even the smallest firms, as well as many households, own or lease computers. These are usually microcomputers, also called personal computers. Large organizations typically employ multiple computer systems, from a few powerful mainframe machines (or even more powerful supercomputers) and minicomputers to widely deployed personal computers. Together with computer peripheral equipment, such......
  • Hardwick, Elizabeth (American writer)
    American novelist, short-story writer, and essayist known for her eloquent literary and social criticism....
  • Hardwick, Elizabeth Bruce (American writer)
    American novelist, short-story writer, and essayist known for her eloquent literary and social criticism....
  • Hardwick, Thomas W. (American politician)
    In 1922 Governor Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia, in a symbolic gesture, appointed Felton to fill the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Senator Thomas E. Watson, whose antagonism to former President Woodrow Wilson and all of his policies she heartily shared. She served only two days, November 21–22, 1922, before being succeeded by Walter F. George, the duly elected senator. Her......
  • Hardwicke of Hardwicke, Baron (English lawyer)
    English lord chancellor, whose grasp of legal principle and study of the historical foundations of equity, combined with his knowledge of Roman civil law, enabled him to establish the principles and limits of the English system of equity....
  • Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st earl of, Viscount Royston (English lawyer)
    English lord chancellor, whose grasp of legal principle and study of the historical foundations of equity, combined with his knowledge of Roman civil law, enabled him to establish the principles and limits of the English system of equity....
  • hardwood (timber)
    ...displacing the traditional wool and cotton. It can be easily maintained, and its soft visual and tactile texture, as well as its sound-absorbing qualities, make it attractive for residential use. Hardwoods—primarily oak, birch, and maple—are also used for floors, both in the traditional narrow planks nailed to plywood decks and as prefabricated parquet elements, which are applied....
  • hardwood fibre (fibre)
    ...into two groups: coniferous trees, usually called softwoods, and deciduous trees, or hardwoods. Softwood cellulose fibres measure from about 2 to 4 millimetres (0.08 to 0.16 inch) in length, and hardwood fibres range from about 0.5 to 1.5 millimetres (0.02 to 0.06 inch). The greater length of softwood fibres contributes strength to paper; the shorter hardwood fibres fill in the sheet and......
  • Hardy, Albert (British photojournalist)
    ("BERT"), British photojournalist who covered the world as chief photographer for Picture Post magazine, 1941-57 (b. May 19, 1913--d. July 3, 1995)....
  • Hardy, Alexandre (French dramatist)
    playwright, the first Frenchman known to have made his living as a dramatist, who claimed authorship of some 600 plays....
  • Hardy, Bert (British photojournalist)
    ("BERT"), British photojournalist who covered the world as chief photographer for Picture Post magazine, 1941-57 (b. May 19, 1913--d. July 3, 1995)....
  • Hardy Cross method (engineering)
    By the use of Cross’s technique, known as the moment distribution method, or simply the Hardy Cross method, calculation can be carried to any required degree of accuracy by successive approximations, thus avoiding the immense labour of solving simultaneous equations that contain as many variables as there are rigid joints in a frame. He also successfully applied his mathematical methods to ...
  • Hardy, Fannie Pearson (American author)
    American writer and ornithologist whose extensive personal knowledge of her native Maine informed her authoritative publications on the history, wildlife, cultures, and lore of the region....
  • Hardy, Gathorne (British politician)
    English Conservative politician who was a strong proponent of British intervention in the Russo-Turkish conflict of 1877–78....
  • Hardy, Godfrey Harold (English mathematician)
    leading English pure mathematician whose work was mainly in analysis and number theory....
  • Hardy, Norvell (American actor)
    ...Aug. 7, 1957, North Hollywood, Calif.) made more than 100 comedies together, with Laurel playing the bumbling and innocent foil to the pompous Hardy....
  • Hardy, Oliver (American actor)
    ...Aug. 7, 1957, North Hollywood, Calif.) made more than 100 comedies together, with Laurel playing the bumbling and innocent foil to the pompous Hardy....
  • hardy rubber tree (plant species)
    family of dicotyledonous flowering plants comprising the single species Eucommia ulmoides. It is an elmlike tree of central and eastern China notable as a woody plant of temperate regions with milky latex from which rubber can be produced....
  • Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, Baronet (British naval officer)
    British naval officer closely associated with Adm. Horatio (afterward Viscount) Nelson, two of whose flagships he commanded during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. A sailor from 1781, he met Nelson in the mid-1790s, while the future hero of Trafalgar was still a captain. After Nelson’s victory over the French in the Battle of the Nile (Aug....
  • Hardy, Thomas (British shoemaker)
    These developments in radical ideology were made more significant by simultaneous developments in radical organization. In January 1792 a small coterie of London artisans led by a shoemaker, Thomas Hardy, formed a society to press for manhood suffrage. It cost only a shilling to join, and the weekly subscription was set at a penny so as to attract as many members as possible. These plebeian......
  • Hardy, Thomas (British writer)
    English novelist and poet who set much of his work in Wessex, his name for the counties of southwestern England....
  • Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (genetics)
    an algebraic equation that describes the genetic equilibrium within a population. It was discovered independently in 1908 by Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, and Godfrey Harold Hardy, a British mathematician....
  • Hardy-Weinberg law (genetics)
    an algebraic equation that describes the genetic equilibrium within a population. It was discovered independently in 1908 by Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, and Godfrey Harold Hardy, a British mathematician....
  • Hardyal, Lala (Indian revolutionary)
    Indian revolutionary and scholar who was dedicated to the removal of British influence in India....
  • Hardyknute (ballad by Wardlaw)
    ...and Thomas Hood, W.M. Thackeray, and Lewis Carroll in the 19th century made effective use of the jingling metres, forced rhymes, and unbuttoned style for humorous purposes. Lady Wardlaw’s “Hardyknute” (1719), perhaps the earliest literary attempt at a folk ballad, was dishonestly passed off as a genuine product of tradition. After the publication of Thomas Percy’s ba...
  • Hare (people)
    group of Athabaskan-speaking North American Indians originally living northwest of what is now Great Bear Lake in far northwestern Canada. Their name for themselves, Kawchottine, means “People of Great Hares”; it was used because Arctic hares were an important source of food in traditional culture, supplementing the group’s main diet of fish. The hare was also the tribe...
  • hare (mammal)
    any of about 30 species of mammals related to rabbits and belonging to the same family (Leporidae). In general, hares have longer ears and longer hind feet than rabbits. While the tail is relatively short, it is longer than that of rabbits. The vernacular names hare and rabbit are frequently misapplied to particular species. Jackrabbi...
  • hare and hounds (sport)
    A form of cross-country running in the early 19th century was called paper chasing, or hare and hounds—the “hares” started a few minutes before the others and left a trail of paper scraps to be followed by the “hounds.” Cross-country runners came to be known as harriers, after a small hound used to chase genuine hares. A significant event was the founding of the....
  • Hare, David (British playwright and director)
    A form of cross-country running in the early 19th century was called paper chasing, or hare and hounds—the “hares” started a few minutes before the others and left a trail of paper scraps to be followed by the “hounds.” Cross-country runners came to be known as harriers, after a small hound used to chase genuine hares. A significant event was the founding of the....
  • Hare, David (American artist)
    ...felicitous concert with others; each form is a secret sanctum, a maximum of being wrested from a minimum of material. Reg Butler’s work (e.g., “Woman Resting” [1951]) and that of David Hare (“Figure in a Window” [1955]) treat the body in terms of skeletal outlines. Butler’s figures partake of nonhuman qualities and embody fantasies of an unsentim...
  • Hare Krishna (religious sect)
    popular name of a semimonastic Vaishnava Hindu organization founded in the United States in 1965 by A.C. Bhaktivedanta (Swami Prabhupada; 1896–1977). This movement is a Western outgrowth of the popular Bengali bhakti (devotional) yoga tradition, or Krishna Consciousness, which began in the 16th century. Bhakti yoga...
  • Hare, Richard Mervyn (British philosopher)
    British moral philosopher (b. March 21, 1919, Backwell, Somerset, Eng.—d. Jan. 29, 2002, Ewelme, Oxfordshire, Eng.), attempted to provide a rational understanding of moral beliefs. His moral theory, called prescriptivism, drew on Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy and the linguistic analysis of Hare’s predecessor at the University of Oxford, J.L. Austin; Hare’s theory was...
  • Hare, Sir David (British playwright and director)
    British playwright and director, noted for his deftly crafted satires examining British society in the post-World War II era....
  • Hare, Sir John (British actor)
    English actor-manager of London’s Garrick Theatre from 1889 to 1895 and recognized as the greatest character actor of his day, excelling in old men’s parts....
  • Hare system (electoral process)
    ...systems use multimember constituencies. Systematic methods of applying proportional representation were first developed in the mid-19th century in Denmark by Carl Andrae and in Britain by Thomas Hare and John Stuart Mill. Methods currently in use include the single-transferable-vote method (STV), the party-list system, and the additional-member system....
  • Hare, Thomas (British political reformer)
    Developed in the 19th century in Denmark and in Britain, the single transferable vote formula—or Hare system, after one of its English developers, Thomas Hare—employs a ballot that allows the voter to rank candidates in order of preference. When the ballots are counted, any candidate receiving the necessary quota of first preference votes—calculated as one plus the number of.....
  • hare wallaby (marsupial)
    The two species of hare wallabies (Lagorchestes) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares. Often called pademelons, the three species of scrub wallabies (Thylogale) of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Tasmania are small and stocky, with short hind limbs and pointy noses. They are hunted for meat and fur. A similar species is the......
  • Hare, William (Irish criminal)
    Hare immigrated to Scotland from Ireland and wandered through several occupations before becoming keeper of a lodging house in Edinburgh, where Burke, also Irish-born, arrived in 1827. On November 29 an old pensioner died in the house, and Hare, angry that the deceased still owed 4 pounds in rent, devised a plan to steal the corpse from its coffin and sell it to recover the money he was owed.......
  • Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act (United States history)
    (1933), the first law setting a specific date for Philippine independence from the United States. It was passed by Congress as a result of pressure from two sources: American farmers, who, during the Great Depression, feared competition from Filipino sugar and coconut oils; and Filipino leaders, who were eager to run their own government....
  • hare-lipped bat (Noctilionidae)
    either of two tropical Central and South American bats that are among the few bats that routinely forage low over water. They have full lips and a flat, squarish muzzle very similar to that of a bulldog. Bulldog bats have long, narrow wings and long, pointed ears, their most distinctive feature being their large hind feet. Wide and flat with long, hooklike claws, they are well adapted to snatching...
  • harebell (plant)
    widespread, slender-stemmed perennial of the family Campanulaceae. The harebell bears nodding blue bell-like flowers. It is native to woods, meadows, and cliffsides of northern Eurasia and North America and of mountains farther south. There are more than 30 named wild varieties of Campanula rotundifolia. Small, round, basal leaves disappear before the flowers form, leaving only long, slende...
  • Haredim (religious movement)
    The ultra-Orthodox are often referred to in Hebrew as Haredim, or “those who tremble” in the presence of God (because they are God-fearing). Unlike the Orthodox, the ultra-Orthodox continue to reject Zionism—at least in principle—as blasphemous. In practice, the rejection of Zionism has led to the emergence of a wide variety of groups, ranging from the Neturei Karta......
  • Hareh, Mount (mountain, Egypt)
    granitic peak of the south-central Sinai Peninsula, Janūb Sīnāʾ (South Sinai) muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. Mount Sinai is renowned as the principal site of divine revelation in Jewish history, where God is purported to have appeared to Moses and given him the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20; Deuteronomy 5)...
  • Harel, David (logician)
    ...of computer programs (e.g., does this program stop after a finite number of steps?) was soon taken up by others, notably Vaughan R. Pratt (dynamic logic), Amir Pnueli (temporal logic), and David Harel (process logic)....
  • Harel, Isser (Israeli intelligence director)
    Israeli spymaster (b. 1912, Vitebsk, Belorussia, Russian Empire [now in Belarus]—d. Feb. 18, 2003, Petah Tiqwa, Israel), directed the abduction from Argentina of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi official responsible for carrying out the “final solution,” the extermination of Jews in Europe. In Palestine in 1942 Harel joined the clandestine Jewish organization Haganah, and two years la...
  • Harel, Yossi (Israeli Zionist and intelligence officer)
    Israeli Zionist and intelligence officer who commanded the ship Exodus 1947, which sailed from the port of Sète (near Marseille) in July 1947, carrying more than 4,500 Jewish Holocaust survivors to Haifa, Palestine, where a blockade by the British prevented the refugees from landing. After several days of highly publicized skirmishes, the passengers were deported back to Europe. The ...
  • harelip (congenital disorder)
    relatively common (one out of every 1,000 births) congenital deformity in which the central to medial lip fails to fuse properly during the first month of prenatal life, resulting in a fissure in the lip beneath the nostril. Once colloquially known as harelip, cleft lip may be unilateral or bilateral, it may take the form of anything from a small pit to a complete fissure the height of the lip, an...
  • harem
    in Muslim countries, the part of a house set apart for the women of the family. The word ḥarīmī is used collectively to refer to the women themselves. Zanāna (from the Persian word zan, “woman”) is the term used for the harem in India, ...
  • Harem, The (work by Picasso)
    ...monochromatic) palette. The tones of the Blue Period were replaced from late 1904 to 1906 in the so-called Rose Period by those of pottery, of flesh, and of the earth itself (The Harem, 1906). Picasso seems to have been working with colour in an attempt to come closer to sculptural form, especially in 1906 (Two Nudes; ......
  • Haremhab (king of Egypt)
    last king (reigned 1319–1292 bce) of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt; he continued the restoration of the traditional Amon religion that a previous ruler, Akhenaton, had replaced with the worship of the god Aton....
  • Hārer (Ethiopia)
    city, eastern Ethiopia, in the Ch’erch’er Mountains, at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). Probably founded in the 7th century ad by immigrants from Ḥaḍramawt in southern Arabia, Hārer became the capital of the Muslim state of Adal. Conflict with Christian Ethiopians and the Oromo, however, forced remova...
  • Hareri (people)
    ...supplemented by oilseed pressing and the processing of sansevieria fibre. Basket weaving is a commercially important craft, as is the production of silver jewelry. The population includes the local Hareri (Adere), who speak a Semitic language and have a literature written in Arabic script, as well as the Amhara, Oromo, and Somalis. The Hārer Military Academy is situated in the town. A......
  • Hareri language
    ...Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigré, of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. Although some scholars once considered the so-called Ethiopic languages to be a branch within Semitic, these languages are now referred to as Ethio-Semitic. They are generally......
  • hare’s-foot fern (fern genus)
    ...subterranean and nongreen or, more commonly, surface-dwelling and photosynthetic; sperm motile; between 9,000 and 12,000 species; representative genera include Pteridium, Polypodium, Polystichum, Adiantum, and Cyathea.Division Cycadophyta......
  • hare’s-tail grass (plant)
    (species Lagurus ovatus), annual grass of the family Poaceae, native to shores of the Mediterranean region, naturalized in Australia, and cultivated as an ornamental in North America. The oval flower cluster is soft, hairy, and long-lasting. Grayish green hare’s-tail grass, about 30–60 cm (1–2 feet) tall, with narrow, soft, flat leaf blades, is grown for use in dried b...
  • Harford (county, Maryland, United States)
    county, northeastern Maryland, U.S., bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, the Susquehanna River to the east, Chesapeake Bay to the south and southeast, and the Gunpowder River to the southwest. The county is bracketed in the west by portions of Gunpowder Falls State Park and in the east by Susquehanna State Park. The Susquehanna National Wi...
  • Hargeisa (Somalia)
    city, northwestern Somalia, and the capital of the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent state without international recognition. Hargeysa is located in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, at an elevation of 4,377 feet (1,334 metres). During the Somalian civil war that began in the 1980s, Hargeysa was severely damaged; much of the...
  • Hargeysa (Somalia)
    city, northwestern Somalia, and the capital of the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent state without international recognition. Hargeysa is located in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, at an elevation of 4,377 feet (1,334 metres). During the Somalian civil war that began in the 1980s, Hargeysa was severely damaged; much of the...
  • Harghita Mountains (mountains, Romania)
    ...highest altitude in the Rodna (Rodnei) Massif in Romania; they are built of crystalline rocks and reach a peak in Pietrosu (7,556 feet). To the south, extinct volcanoes in the Călimani and Harghita ranges have, to some extent, kept their original conical shape; the highest peaks of these ranges are 6,890 feet and 5,906 feet, respectively. Fringing the true Eastern Carpathians runs a......
  • Hargis, Billy James (American evangelist)
    American evangelist (b. Aug. 3, 1925, Texarkana, Texas—d. Nov. 27, 2004, Tulsa, Okla.), founded the Christian Crusade, an international ministry with a special interest in battling communism. He built a powerful media empire, reaching millions through television, radio, books, and pamphlets. In 1970 he founded the American Christian Crusade College in Tulsa. His ministry slowly crumbled, ho...
  • Hargitay, Mickey (American athlete)
    ...was Hercules (1959). Other bodybuilders who were cast in movie roles included Gordon Scott (Tarzan), Reg Park (Hercules), Sean Connery (James Bond), and 1955 Mr. Universe Mickey Hargitay, best known as a member of Mae West’s traveling troupe of musclemen and the husband of actress Jayne Mansfield....
  • Hargobind (Sikh Gurū)
    sixth Sikh Guru, who developed a strong Sikh army and gave the Sikh religion its military character, in accord with the instructions of his father, Guru Arjan (1563–1606), the first Sikh martyr, who had been executed on the order of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr....
  • Hargrave box kite
    kite designed, built, and flown by the aeronautical pioneer Lawrence Hargrave in the 1890s....
  • Hargrave, Lawrence (British aeronautical engineer)
    English aviation pioneer and inventor of the box kite....
  • Hargraves, James (English inventor)
    English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine. At the time he devised the machine, he was a poor, uneducated spinner and weaver living at Standhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire....
  • Hargreaves, Alison (British mountaineer)
    British mountaineer who died in a blizzard while descending from an apparently successful assault on the Himalayan peak K2 only weeks after she had become the first woman to scale Mt. Everest alone and without bottled oxygen (b. Feb. 17, 1962--d. Aug. 13, 1995)....
  • Hargreaves, James (English inventor)
    English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine. At the time he devised the machine, he was a poor, uneducated spinner and weaver living at Standhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire....
  • Hargreaves, Roger (British cartoonist)
    British cartoonist who created whimsical characters best known in the popular “Mr. Men” series of books for children....
  • Harī (river, Central Asia)
    river, Central Asia. It rises on the western slopes of the rugged Selseleh-ye Kūh-e Bābā range, an outlier of the Hindu Kush mountains, in central Afghanistan. Flowing west past Chaghcharān and the ancient city of Herāt (whence its name is derived), then north, it forms sections of the Afghan–Iranian and Iranian–Turkmen frontiers....
  • Hari Krishen (Sikh Gurū)
    eighth Sikh Guru, who was installed at five years of age and reigned for only three years. He is said to have possessed vast wisdom and to have amazed visiting Brahmans (Hindu priests) with his great knowledge of the Hindu scripture Bhagavadgita. Many wondrous feats are attributed to him. A raja, Jai Singh, wishing to test the boy...
  • Hari Singh (maharaja of Kashmir)
    ...for the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the rulers of princely states were given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—with certain reservations—to remain independent. Hari Singh, the maharaja of Kashmir, initially believed that by delaying his decision he could maintain the independence of Kashmir; but, caught up in a train of events that included a revolution......
  • hari-giri (plant)
    ...used by the Chinese in the treatment of various diseases; its American relative, Panax quinquefolium (see photograph), is used in the United States as a stimulant. Hari-giri, or castor aralia (Acanthopanax ricinifolius), is used in Japan in building and in furniture making. ...
  • Hari-hara (Hindu deity)
    in Hinduism, a syncretic deity combining the two major gods Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Images of Harihara (also known as Shambhu-Vishnu and Shankara-Narayana, variants of the names of the two gods) first appeared in the classical period after sectarian movements, which elevated one god as supreme over the others, had waned sufficiently for efforts at comp...
  • Haribhadra (Indian author)
    noncanonical author of treatises on the Indian religion Jainism, known for his authoritative works in Sanskrit and Prakrit on Jain doctrine and ethics. Scholars are still uncertain of the extent to which he should be differentiated from a 6th-century Jain author of the same name....
  • Haricandra line (Gurjara-Pratihāra dynasty)
    either of two dynasties of medieval Hindu India. The line of Haricandra ruled in Mandor, Mārwār (Jodhpur, Rājasthān), during the 6th–9th century, generally with feudatory status. The line of Nāgabhaṭa ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj during the 8th–11th century. Other Gurjara lines existed, but they did not take the surname......
  • haricot bean (vegetable)
    widely cultivated, edible-podded legume of the species Phaseolus vulgaris. See bean....
  • Haridwar (India)
    city, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. Haridwār lies along the Ganges River, at the boundary between the Indo-Gangetic Plain (south) and the Himalayan foothills (north). It is the site of the headworks of the Ganges Canal system. Haridwār is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus and a major pilgrimage centre. It has been known by many names; originally it was ...
  • Harihara (Indian poet)
    ...dialects of Middle Kannada, yet they drew on archetypal human images as well as ancient pan-Indian symbology for their intense and searing expressions of bhakti. Inspired by these lyrics, Harihara, in the late 12th century, wrote some 120 ragaḷe (blank verse) biographies of the Śaiva saints, including the Vīraśaiva (or Liṅgāyat) and the......
  • Harihara (Hindu deity)
    in Hinduism, a syncretic deity combining the two major gods Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Images of Harihara (also known as Shambhu-Vishnu and Shankara-Narayana, variants of the names of the two gods) first appeared in the classical period after sectarian movements, which elevated one god as supreme over the others, had waned sufficiently for efforts at comp...
  • Harihara I Saṅgama (Vijayanagar ruler)
    The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka, two of five brothers (surnamed Sangama) who had served in the administrations of both Kakatiya and Kampili before those kingdoms were conquered by the armies of the Delhi sultanate in the 1320s. When Kampili fell in 1327, the two brothers are believed to have been captured and taken to Delhi, where they converted to Islam. They were......
  • Harihara II (Vijayanagar ruler)
    ...removed his nephews and replaced them with his sons and favourite generals so that centralized authority (and his own line of succession) could be maintained. However, the succession of Bukka’s son Harihara II (reigned 1377–1404) precipitated a repetition of the same action. A rebellion in the Tamil country at the beginning of his reign probably was aided by the disaffected sons a...
  • Hariharalaya (ancient city, Cambodia)
    ...(q.v.), or god-king. He established a series of capitals, first at Indrapura, on the lower Mekong River east of Kâmpóng (Kompong) Cham; then, moving northwards, at Hariharalaya, southeast of present-day Siĕmréab (Siem Reap); and then at Mahendraparvata, in the region just north of the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), not far from Angkor, the next seat of......
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