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  • Harvard University Law School (school, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
    ...in 1784 by Tapping Reeve, was the first institution of its kind in the United States. Such independent schools later gave way to university-based law schools, the first of which was established at Harvard University in 1817. By the late 19th century, Harvard had put in place a number of practices that eventually came to define American legal education, including the use of the “case......
  • Harvard University Library (library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
    largest university library and the first institutional library in what became the United States, established when John Harvard, a young Puritan minister, left his collection of 260 volumes to the new Harvard College in Cambridge, Mass., in 1638. The core of the collection now contains 10,000,000 volumes, housed in three adjacent buildings. There are works for advanced study and...
  • Harvard University Press (publisher, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
    ...typesetting, appears on the title page of a later volume of the Almanack (1647). When Glover’s widow married Henry Dunster, president of Harvard College, Day’s press became the forerunner of Harvard University Press....
  • Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (research institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
    astronomical research institution headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., on the campus of Harvard University. The CfA was created in 1973 by reorganizing the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under one director....
  • harvest festival (religion)
    New Year’s festivals demonstrate Buddhism’s ability to co-opt preexisting local traditions. On the occasion of the New Year, images of the Buddha in some countries are taken in procession through the streets. Worshipers visit Buddhist sanctuaries and circumambulate a stupa or a sacred image, and monks are given food and other gifts. One of the most remarkable examples of the absorpti...
  • harvest fish (fish)
    ...triacanthus), are noted for taking shelter when young among the tentacles of jellyfishes. The dollarfish and several other species of butterfishes are commonly used as food. Among these are the harvest fish (Peprilus alepidotus), an Atlantic species that usually grows to about 20 cm (8 inches) long; the Pacific pompano (Peprilus simillimus), a silvery Californian fish; and....
  • Harvest Home (English festival)
    traditional English harvest festival, celebrated from antiquity and surviving to modern times in isolated regions. Participants celebrate the last day of harvest in late September by singing, shouting, and decorating the village with boughs. The cailleac, or last sheaf of corn (grain), which represents the spirit of the field, is made into a harvest doll and drenched with water as a rain ch...
  • harvest mite (arachnid)
    the larva of any of approximately 10,000 species of mites in the invertebrate subclass Acari (the mites and ticks). The name is also erroneously applied to an insect better known as the chigoe, jigger, or jigger flea....
  • harvest moon (full moon)
    the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox (about September 23). Near the time of the autumnal equinox, the angle of the moon’s orbit relative to the Earth’s horizon is at its minimum, causing the full moon to rise above the horizon much faster than usual. Since the difference of the moon’s rising time on successive nights barely varies, the moon appears to ...
  • Harvest Moon Festival (Korean holiday)
    Korean holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one’s ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the United States, the Harvest Moon Festival, as it is also known, is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. The day begins with a ceremony in which food and wine are offered to ancestors. Thi...
  • harvest mouse (rodent)
    either of two genera of small mice: the American harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys) or the Old World harvest mouse (Micromys)....
  • Harvest of Death, A (photograph by O’Sullivan)
    ...Sketch Book of the Civil War (1866). Like Gardner, O’Sullivan left Brady’s employ over the issue of receiving proper credit for his work. In works such as A Harvest of Death (1863), which shows the Confederate dead at Gettysburg, O’Sullivan moved beyond traditional war images, which usually portrayed armies at rest, to capture instead ...
  • Harvest Wagon, The (painting by Gainsborough)
    ...noticeable in Peasants Returning from Market, with its rich colour and beautiful creamy pastel shades. The influence of Rubens is also apparent in The Harvest Wagon in the fluency of the drawing and the scale of the great beech trees so different from the stubby oaks of Suffolk. The idyllic scene is a perfect blend of the real and the......
  • harvester (butterfly)
    any of a group of predatory insects in the gossamer-winged butterfly family, Lycaenidae (order Lepidoptera), that are rapid fliers and are distinguished by iridescent wings that are usually brownish above and spotted below. The male’s forelegs are reduced, but the female’s are fully developed....
  • harvester (agriculture)
    in farming, any of several machines for harvesting; the design and function of harvesters varies widely according to crop. See binder; combine; corn harvester; cotton harvester; header; reaper; thresher; windrower. See also ent...
  • harvester ant
    any of several different genera of ants (e.g., Messor, Atta, Pheidole, Pogonomyrmex) that gather seeds and leaves. Messor species collect, husk, and store seeds in their nests. Atta species collect leaves and use them to grow fungi, which they eat....
  • Harvester case (Australian law)
    ...compulsory union membership—a change that led to a dramatic increase in union coverage. In Australia a further crucial development came in 1907, with the Arbitration Court’s judgment in the Harvester case. This ruling held that a living wage was a first charge upon industry, and it set a basic wage for unskilled labour at a level substantially higher than existing rates—an....
  • harvester’s lung (pathology)
    a pulmonary disorder that results from the development of hypersensitivity to inhaled dust from moldy hay or other fodder. In the acute form, symptoms include a sudden onset of breathlessness, fever, a rapid heartbeat, cough (especially in the morning), copious production of phlegm, and a general sense of feeling ill. Attacks may last a few days to several weeks. In its chronic form, farmer...
  • Harvesters, The (painting by Bruegel)
    ...labours of the months found in the portal sculptures of Gothic cathedrals and medieval books of hours and at the same time a new treatment of rural landscape and the peasants who work the land. His “Harvesters” (1565; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) displays a remarkable sensitivity to colour and pattern. The intense golden yellow of the ripe wheat sets up a bold patter...
  • Harvesters, The (work by Pavese)
    ...The Comrade, 1959). His first volume of lyric poetry, Lavorare stanca (1936; Hard Labor, 1976), followed his release from prison. An initial novella, Paesi tuoi (1941; The Harvesters, 1961), recalled, as many of his works do, the sacred places of childhood. Between 1943 and 1945 he lived with partisans of the anti-Fascist Resistance in the hills of Piedmont....
  • harvesting (agriculture)
    Harvesting of cocoa beans can proceed all year, but the bulk of the crop is gathered in two flush periods occurring from October to February and from May to August. The ripe seed pods are cut from the trees and split open with machetes. The beans, removed from the pods with their surrounding pulp, are accumulated in leaf-covered heaps, in leaf-lined holes dug in the ground, or in large shallow......
  • harvestman (arachnid)
    any of about 7,000 species of arachnids that differ from spiders (order Araneida or Araneae) by the extreme length and thinness of the legs and by the shape of the body. Unlike true spiders, in which the body is divided into two distinct regions, daddy longlegs have only one. The spherical or ovoid body is 1 to 22 mm (0.04 to 0.9 inch) long, and the slender le...
  • Harvey (film by Koster [1950])
    Other Nominees...
  • Harvey (play by Chase)
    ...was among several actors who enjoyed success on Broadway as the ingratiating inebriate Elwood P. Dowd—whose best friend is an invisible 6-foot rabbit—in Mary Chase’s Harvey. It became one of the actor’s signature roles when the play was adapted for the screen in 1950, garnering another Oscar nomination for Stewart. Stewart’s other well...
  • Harvey, Anne (American poet)
    American poet whose work is noted for its confessional intensity....
  • Harvey, David (American sociologist)
    Stimulating and growing out of these arguments were three main strands of work. In the first, geographers led by David Harvey (who was Cambridge-trained but worked largely in the United States) explored Marxist thinking. This involved not only the workings of the economy—to which they added an important spatial dimension—but also the class conflict underpinning Marxian analyses and.....
  • Harvey, Edmund Newton (American zoologist)
    U.S. zoologist and physiologist whose work in marine biology contributed to the early study of bioluminescence. From 1911 until his retirement in 1956 he taught at Princeton University, becoming H.F. Osborn professor of biology in 1933. His research, primarily in cellular physiology, centred on the biochemical mechanism of light production in animals. In the early 1900s he used ...
  • Harvey, Fred (American restaurateur)
    American restaurateur, who operated a chain of restaurants along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, each called the Harvey House and often staffed by “Harvey Girls.”...
  • Harvey, Frederick Henry (American restaurateur)
    American restaurateur, who operated a chain of restaurants along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, each called the Harvey House and often staffed by “Harvey Girls.”...
  • Harvey, Gabriel (English writer)
    English writer and friend of the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser; the latter celebrated their friendship in The Shepheardes Calender (1579) through the characters of Hobbinol (Harvey) and Colin Clout (Spenser). Harvey was also noted for his tenacious participation in literary feuds....
  • Harvey Girls, The (film by Sidney [1946])
    ...Hugo Friedhofer for The Best Years of Our LivesScoring of a Musical Picture: Morris Stoloff for The Jolson StorySong: “On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe” from The Harvey Girls; music by Harry Warren, lyrics by Johnny MercerHonorary Awards: Claude Jarman, Jr., Ernst Lubitsch; Harold Russell for The Best Years of Our Lives; Laurence......
  • Harvey, Hayward A. (American inventor)
    versatile American inventor who discovered the modern method of strengthening armour plating....
  • Harvey, Hayward Augustus (American inventor)
    versatile American inventor who discovered the modern method of strengthening armour plating....
  • Harvey House (American restaurant chain)
    American restaurateur, who operated a chain of restaurants along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, each called the Harvey House and often staffed by “Harvey Girls.”...
  • Harvey, Jean-Charles (Canadian author)
    In fiction Jean-Charles Harvey attacked bourgeois ideology in Les Demi-Civilisés (1934; “The Half-Civilized”; Eng. trans. Sackcloth for Banner and Fear’s Folly), which was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, resulting in Harvey’s being fired from his job at the journal Le Soleil. Three year...
  • Harvey Mudd College (college, Claremont, California, United States)
    ...liberal arts colleges and graduate institutions in Claremont, California, U.S. The consortium comprises five undergraduate schools (Pomona College, Scripps College, Claremont McKenna College, Harvey Mudd College, and Pitzer College) and two graduate ones (Claremont Graduate University and the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences). The campuses are adjacent to one another, and......
  • Harvey, Neil (Australian athlete)
    Australian cricketer who was noted as an outstanding left-handed batsman....
  • Harvey, Paul (American broadcaster)
    In 2001 American broadcaster Paul Harvey was off the air for part of the year after damaging a vocal cord. His vastly popular radio programs, however, passed major milestones: The Rest of the Story, heard Mondays through Saturdays, turned 25 in May, while Paul Harvey News and Comment, on the air twice each weekday, celebrated 50 years of syndication. Harvey’s mix of current ev...
  • Harvey, PJ (British singer-songwriter and guitarist)
    British singer-songwriter and guitarist whose mythically pitched, fanatically intense recordings and concerts set new standards for women in rock....
  • Harvey, Polly Jean (British singer-songwriter and guitarist)
    British singer-songwriter and guitarist whose mythically pitched, fanatically intense recordings and concerts set new standards for women in rock....
  • Harvey, Robert Neil (Australian athlete)
    Australian cricketer who was noted as an outstanding left-handed batsman....
  • Harvey, Sir John Martin (British actor and producer)
    English actor, producer, and theatre manager....
  • Harvey, William (British physician)
    English physician and discoverer of the true nature of the circulation of the blood and of the function of the heart as a pump. Functional knowledge of the heart and the circulation had remained almost at a standstill ever since the time of the Greco-Roman physician Galen—1,400 years earlier. Harvey’s courage, penetrating inte...
  • Harvey-Jones, Sir John Henry (British businessman)
    British businessman who as chairman and CEO (1982–87) of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), combined an ebullient personality, sharp business acumen, and willingness to make tough, often unpopular, decisions to turn ICI from a troubled chemical firm into Britain’s first £1 billion company. Harvey-Jones trained at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and began his World War II ...
  • Harwich (Massachusetts, United States)
    town (township), Barnstable county, southeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the southern coast of Cape Cod. Named for Harwich, England, it was settled about 1655 and incorporated in 1694. Once a whaling and shipbuilding centre, its economy is now based largely on cranberry cultivation and summer tourism. Among the villages in the town are Harwich Port (Har...
  • Harwich (England, United Kingdom)
    town (parish) and seaport, Tendring district,administrative and historic county of Essex, England. It occupies the tip of a small peninsula projecting into the estuary of the Rivers Stow and Orwell....
  • Harwood, Gwen (Australian author)
    ...of fine poets. Although Vivian Smith (New Selected Poems [1995]) does not quite fit with this group, he continued the practice of meditative lyric and so may be mentioned here. Gwen Harwood developed a thoughtful kind of poetry, varied at times by clever, satiric verses, as in her Collected Poems (1991)....
  • Harwood, Richard Lee (American journalist)
    American journalist (b. March 29, 1925, Chilton, Wis.—d. March 19, 2001, Bethesda, Md.), was a top editor at the Washington Post. After working for newspapers in Tennessee and Kentucky, Harwood joined the Post as a reporter in 1966. He was appointed the newspaper’s national editor two years later. Harwood attracted attention when he was named to serve as the newspaper...
  • Harwood, Ronald (British writer and producer)
    Original Screenplay: Pedro Almodóvar for Talk to HerAdapted Screenplay: Ronald Harwood for The PianistCinematography: Conrad L. Hall for Road to PerditionArt Direction: John Myhre (art direction) and Gordon Sim (set decoration) for ChicagoOriginal Score:......
  • Háry János (work by Kodály)
    ...20th century are the one-act Duke Bluebeard’s Castle (1918; libretto by Béla Balázs), by Béla Bartók, and the ballad opera Háry János, by Zoltán Kodály (1926; libretto by Béla Paulini and Zsolt Harsányi), both of which have become more familiar in concert performance ...
  • Haryāna (state, India)
    state in north-central India. It is bounded on the northwest by the state of Punjab and the union territory of Chandīgarh, on the north and northeast by the state of Himāchal Pradesh, on the east by the state of Uttar Pradesh and the union territory of Delhi, and on the south and southwest by the state of Rājasthān. The area is 17,070 square miles (44,212 square kilomet...
  • Harz (mountains, Germany)
    most northerly mountain range in Germany, between the Weser and Elbe rivers, occupying parts of the German Länder (states) of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. At its greatest length it extends southeasterly and northwesterly for 60 miles (100 km), and its maximum breadth is about 20 miles (32 km). The Harz range consists of an irregular series of terraced plateaus (...
  • Harz Journey, The (work by Heine)
    ...and wrote a little book about it, fictionalizing his modest adventure and weaving into it elements both of his poetic imagination and of sharp-eyed social comment. “Die Harzreise” (“The Harz Journey”) became the first piece of what were to be four volumes of Reisebilder (1826–31; Pictures of Travel); the whimsical amalgam of its fact and fiction,...
  • Harzburg Front (German political union)
    Hoping to exploit Nazi successes at the polls for his own political ambitions, Hugenberg in 1931 formed the Harzburg Front, an alliance between nationalist, conservative elements and Hitler, to attempt to topple the government of Heinrich Brüning. He proved unable to manipulate the Nazis for his own ends, but the large contributions from German industrialists that flowed, after the......
  • “Harzreise, Die” (work by Heine)
    ...and wrote a little book about it, fictionalizing his modest adventure and weaving into it elements both of his poetic imagination and of sharp-eyed social comment. “Die Harzreise” (“The Harz Journey”) became the first piece of what were to be four volumes of Reisebilder (1826–31; Pictures of Travel); the whimsical amalgam of its fact and fiction,...
  • Has, Wojciech Jerzy (Polish director)
    Polish filmmaker (b. April 1, 1925, Krakow, Pol.—d. Oct. 3, 2000, Lodz, Pol.), won an international following with his surrealist epic The Saragossa Manuscript (1964). After graduating from the Krakow Film Institute in 1946, Has spent 10 years as a documentary filmmaker before making his first feature film, The Noose (1958). One of his later films, The Sandglass (1973),...
  • Hasa, Al- (region, Saudi Arabia)
    oasis and region in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Hasa oasis, the largest oasis in Saudi Arabia, lies about 40 miles (65 km) west of the Persian Gulf. It has about 30,000 acres (12,000 hectares) of palm groves and other crops that are irrigated by the flow of 60 or more artesian springs. Many varieties of dates are grown on the more than 3 million trees in the oasis. The oasis’s population consi...
  • Hasa, Al- (province, Saudi Arabia)
    region, eastern Saudi Arabia. The region includes most of the desert Rubʿ al-Khali (the Empty Quarter) and extends southward from a neutral zone jointly administered with Kuwait to indefinite borders with Yemen and Oman. It is bounded by Kuwait on the north, the Persian Gulf on the east, and the Ar-Riyāḍ region on the west. Ash-Sharqīyah consists mainly of an undulating...
  • Hasa, Al- (oasis, Saudi Arabia)
    The Al-Hasa region derives its name from the oasis at its centre. The region is bounded on the north by Kuwait, on the east by the Persian Gulf, on the south by the desert Rubʿ al-Khali, or Empty Quarter, and on the west by the Dahnā sand belt. The region’s low coastal strip is separated by a thick belt of large sand dunes from the steppe-desert of the interior. Most of the po...
  • Ḥasakah, Al- (Syria)
    town, northeastern Syria. The town lies on the banks of the Khābūr River (a tributary of the Euphrates) at its confluence with the Jaghjaghah. Under the Ottoman Empire it lost its importance, but it revived with the settlement there of Assyrian refugees from Iraq during the French mandate of Syria after 1932. Now an important road junction near the Turkish and Iraqi frontiers, Al-...
  • Hasakeh, Al- (Syria)
    town, northeastern Syria. The town lies on the banks of the Khābūr River (a tributary of the Euphrates) at its confluence with the Jaghjaghah. Under the Ottoman Empire it lost its importance, but it revived with the settlement there of Assyrian refugees from Iraq during the French mandate of Syria after 1932. Now an important road junction near the Turkish and Iraqi frontiers, Al-...
  • Ḥasan (grandson of Muḥammad)
    a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), the elder son of Muhammad’s daughter Fāṭimah. He belongs to the group of the five most holy persons of Shīʿah, those over whom Muhammad spread his cloak while calling them “The People of the House.” After his father, ʿAlī, he was considered by many of his con...
  • Ḥasan (Būyid ruler)
    ʿAlī, appointed governor of Karaj about 930 by the Daylamite leader Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār, seized Isfahan and Fārs, while Ḥasan and Aḥmad took Jibāl, Khūzestān, and Kermān (935–936). In December 945 Aḥmad occupied the ʿAbbāsid capital of Baghdad as amīr al-umarāʾ...
  • Hasan Abdal (Pakistan)
    town, northern Pakistan. The town is a textile and communications centre that is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Peshawar and Rawalpindi. It has government colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The Buddhist site of Hasan Abdal, just east of the town, dates from the 2nd century bc and has given the town its modern name. Pop. (1998) 37,789....
  • Ḥasan ad-Dīn (king of Macassar)
    ...ruler, the prince of Tallo, converted; Macassar (now Makassar) became an active centre for Muslim competition with the Dutch into the third quarter of the 17th century, when its greatest monarch, Ḥasan ad-Dīn (ruled 1631–70), was forced to cede his independence. Meanwhile, however, a serious Islāmic presence was developing in Java, inland as well as on the coasts; by...
  • Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī (Shīʿah imam)
    ...Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq, Mūsā al-Kāẓim, ʿAlī ar-Riḍā, Muḥammad al-Jawād, ʿAlī al-Hādī, Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, and Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah—was chosen from the family of his predecessor, not necessarily the eldest son but a descendan...
  • Ḥasan al-Bannāʾ (Egyptian religious leader)
    Egyptian political and religious leader who established a new religious society, the Muslim Brotherhood, and played a central role in Egyptian political and social affairs....
  • Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, al- (Muslim scholar)
    deeply pious and ascetic Muslim who was one of the most important relgious figures in early Islām....
  • Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh (Nizārī imam)
    imam, or spiritual leader, of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīte sect of the Shīʿite Muslims. He claimed to be directly descended from ʿAlī, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muḥammad, and ʿAlī’s wife Fāṭimah, Muḥammad’s daughter, and also from the Fāṭimid caliphs of Egypt....
  • Ḥasan Bughra Khān (Turkic ruler)
    ...With the disintegration of the Iranian Sāmānid dynasty, the Qarakhanids took over the Sāmānid territories in Transoxania. In 999 Hārūn (or Ḥasan) Bughra Khān, grandson of the paramount tribal chief of the Qarluq confederation, occupied Bukhara, the Sāmānid capital. The Sāmānid domains were split up between the.....
  • Ḥasan Buzurg (Mongol leader)
    Ḥasan Buzurg, founder of the dynasty, had served as governor of Anatolia (Rūm) under the Il-Khan Abū Saʿīd (reigned 1317–35). Following the death of Abū Saʿīd, Ḥasan Buzurg competed for real control of the empire with his rival, the Chūpānid amīr Ḥasan......
  • Ḥasan Gaṅgū (Bahmanī ruler)
    ...Muḥammad ibn Tughluq that began in Daulatabad in 1345 culminated in the foundation of the Bahmani sultanate by Ḥasan Gaṅgū, who ascended the throne of Daulatabad as ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Bahman Shah in 1347 and soon moved his capital to the more centrally located Gulbarga on the Deccan plateau. Much of the political and military history of the......
  • Hasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (grandson of Muḥammad)
    a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), the elder son of Muhammad’s daughter Fāṭimah. He belongs to the group of the five most holy persons of Shīʿah, those over whom Muhammad spread his cloak while calling them “The People of the House.” After his father, ʿAlī, he was considered by many of his con...
  • Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Wazzān az-Zayyātī, al- (Islamic scholar)
    traveller whose writings remained, for some 400 years, one of Europe’s principal sources of information about Islām....
  • Ḥasan Küčük (Mongol Chūpānid leader)
    ...(reigned 1317–35). Following the death of Abū Saʿīd, Ḥasan Buzurg competed for real control of the empire with his rival, the Chūpānid amīr Ḥasan Küčük (“the Small,” so designated to distinguish him from Ḥasan Buzurg, “the Great”); they set up rival khanates. Soon afterw...
  • Ḥasan madrasah (building, Cairo, Egypt)
    ...mosques of Baybars I (1262–63), Nāṣir (1335), and Muʾayyad Shaykh (1415–20). Madrasahs used eyvāns, and the justly celebrated madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo (1356–62) is one of the few perfect four-eyvān madrasahs in the Islāmic world. Mausoleums were squares or polygons covered with domes. In o...
  • Hasan, Mount (mountain, Turkey)
    ...is the extensive area of geologically recent volcanic activity in Niğde, Nevşehir, and Kayseri provinces, including the volcanic peaks of Erciyes (12,848 feet [3,916 metres]) and Hasan (10,686 feet [3,257 metres])....
  • Ḥasan, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh (Somalian leader)
    Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the “Mad Mullah” by the British) who for 20 years led armed resistance to the British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces in Somaliland. Because of his active resistance to the British and his vision of a Somalia united in a Muslim brotherhood transcending clan divisions, Sayyid Maxamed is seen as a forerunner of modern Somali natio...
  • Ḥasan of Delhi (Indian author)
    ...plays, all handled fluently and presented in technically perfect language. His books on the art of letter writing prove his mastery of high-flown Persian prose. Khosrow’s younger contemporary, Ḥasan of Delhi (died 1328), is less well known and had a more simple style. He nevertheless surpassed Khosrow in warmth and charm, qualities that have earned him the title of “the......
  • Hasan Paşa (governor of Iraq)
    In Baghdad, Hasan Paşa (1704–24), the Ottoman governor of Georgian origin sent from Istanbul, and his son Ahmed Paşa (1724–47) established a Georgian mamlūk (slave) household, through which they exercised authority and administered the province. The mamlūks (Turkish: kölemen) were mostly Christian slaves from ...
  • Ḥasan the Small (Mongol Chūpānid leader)
    ...(reigned 1317–35). Following the death of Abū Saʿīd, Ḥasan Buzurg competed for real control of the empire with his rival, the Chūpānid amīr Ḥasan Küčük (“the Small,” so designated to distinguish him from Ḥasan Buzurg, “the Great”); they set up rival khanates. Soon afterw...
  • Ḥasan the Tall (Mongol leader)
    Ḥasan Buzurg, founder of the dynasty, had served as governor of Anatolia (Rūm) under the Il-Khan Abū Saʿīd (reigned 1317–35). Following the death of Abū Saʿīd, Ḥasan Buzurg competed for real control of the empire with his rival, the Chūpānid amīr Ḥasan......
  • Ḥasan-e Ṣabbāḥ (Islamic religious leader)
    leader of an Islamic sect, the Nizārī Ismāʿīlites, and commonly believed to be the founder of the order known as the Assassins....
  • Hasanlu (archaeological site, Iran)
    ancient Iranian site located in the Solduz Valley of Azerbaijan. Excavations there have been important for knowledge of the prehistory of northwestern Iran, especially during the late 2nd and early 1st millennia bc....
  • “Hasard et la nécessité, Le” (book by Monod)
    Monod’s book-length essay Le Hasard et la nécessité (1970; Chance and Necessity) argued that the origin of life and the process of evolution are the result of chance. Monod joined the staff of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1945 and became its director in 1971....
  • Ḥāṣbānī (river, Lebanon)
    The Jordan River has three principal sources, all of which rise at the foot of Mount Hermon. The longest of these is the Ḥāṣbānī, which rises in Lebanon, near Ḥāṣbayyā, at an elevation of 1,800 feet (550 metres). From the east, in Syria, flows the Bāniyās River; between the two is the Dan, the waters of which are......
  • Ḥāṣbayyā (Lebanon)
    ...River, at an elevation of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level. Marj ʿUyūn is an agricultural market centre serving a tobacco-, cereal-, grape-, and orange-growing region. The nearby town of Ḥāṣbayyā contains the principal sanctuary of the Druze, who practice a form of Islām. Pop. (latest est.) 4,275....
  • Hasbrouck House (museum, Newburgh, New York, United States)
    ...post in the strategic Hudson valley during the American Revolution. It was there that Washington renounced the idea that he become king and officially disbanded the Continental Army. The Jonathan Hasbrouck House (1750), Washington’s headquarters, is now a state historical site with an adjacent museum. Nearby are the New Windsor Cantonment (a reconstruction of a winter camp of the Contine...
  • Ḥasdai ibn Shaprut (Spanish-Jewish physician and writer)
    Jewish physician, translator, and political figure who helped inaugurate the golden age of Hebrew letters in Moorish Spain and who was a powerful statesman in a number of major diplomatic negotiations. ...
  • Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu (Romanian scholar)
    scholar and archivist who was a pioneer in Romanian language and historical studies....
  • Hasdrubal (Greek philosopher)
    Greek philosopher, originally from Carthage, who was head of the New Academy of Athens from 127/126 bc. He characterized the wise man as one who suspends judgment about the objectivity of man’s knowledge. He was the pupil and literary exponent of Carneades and asserted, against other philosophers, that Carneades never disclosed a preference for any epistemological doctrine. Hi...
  • Hasdrubal (Carthaginian general [died circa 202 BC])
    Carthaginian general customarily identified as the son of Gisco....
  • Hasdrubal (Carthaginian general [died 207 BC])
    Carthaginian general who unsuccessfully attempted to sustain military ascendancy on the Spanish peninsula in the face of Roman attacks....
  • Hasdrubal (Carthaginian general [died 221 BC])
    Carthaginian general, the son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca....
  • Hasegawa Tatsunosuke (Japanese author)
    Japanese novelist and translator of Russian literature; his Ukigumo (1887–89; “The Drifting Clouds,” translated, with a study of his life and career, by M. Ryan as Japan’s First Modern Novel: Ukigumo of Futabatei Shimei), brought modern realism to the Japanese novel....
  • Hasegawa Tōhaku (Japanese painter)
    Japanese painter of the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1574–1600) and the founder of the Hasegawa school of painting or painters....
  • Hašek, Dominik (Czech hockey player)
    Czech ice hockey goaltender known for his unorthodox goaltending style. Hašek was the only goaltender in National Hockey League (NHL) history to win consecutive Hart Trophy awards as most valuable player (1997–98)....
  • Hašek, Jaroslav (Czech writer)
    Czech writer best known for his satirical novel The Good Soldier Schweik....
  • Hasel, Jan van (Dutch translator)
    ...themselves in the missionary enterprise among non-Europeans. A pioneer was Albert Cornelius Ruyl, who is credited with having translated Matthew into High Malay in 1629, with Mark following later. Jan van Hasel translated the two other Gospels in 1646 and added Psalms and Acts in 1652. Other traders began translations into Formosan Chinese (1661) and Sinhalese (1739)....
  • Haselrig, Sir Arthur, 2nd Baronet (Scottish statesman)
    a leading English Parliamentarian from the beginning of the Long Parliament (1640) to the founding of Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate (1653). He emerged briefly as a powerful figure during the confusion that followed the fall of the Protectorate in 1659....
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