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hackbutt (weapon)
first gun fired from the shoulder, a smoothbore matchlock with a stock resembling that of a rifle. The harquebus was invented in Spain in the mid-15th century. It was often fired from a support, against which the recoil was transferred from a hook on the gun. Its name seems to derive from German words meaning “hooked gun.” The bore varied, and its effective range was less than 650 fe...
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hackenbüsche (weapon)
first gun fired from the shoulder, a smoothbore matchlock with a stock resembling that of a rifle. The harquebus was invented in Spain in the mid-15th century. It was often fired from a support, against which the recoil was transferred from a hook on the gun. Its name seems to derive from German words meaning “hooked gun.” The bore varied, and its effective range was less than 650 fe...
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Hackenfeller’s Ape (work by Brophy)
The daughter of the novelist John Brophy, she began writing at an early age. Her first novel, Hackenfeller’s Ape, was published in 1953. With her husband, the art historian Michael Levey, and the author and literary critic Charles Osborne, Brophy wrote the controversial Fifty Works of English and American Literature We Could Do Without (1967), which attacked many eminent liter...
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Hackensack (New Jersey, United States)
city, seat (1713) of Bergen county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on the Hackensack River, just west of the Hudson River and Manhattan Island, New York City. Originally settled by the Dutch in the 1640s, who called it New Barbadoes, it was taken by the English in 1688 but retained its Dutch imprint. In 1921 it was renamed Hackensack, suppos...
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Hackensack Meadows (marsh area, New Jersey, United States)
The marshy area west of The Palisades (the Hackensack Meadows, popularly called the Meadowlands) and the Great Swamp of Morris county are relics of glacial lakes of the last Ice Age. The former is dominated by grasses, the latter by trees. The Meadowlands are managed to encourage wise land use and pollution abatement. The Great Swamp, one of several poorly drained areas in the Passaic River......
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Hackenschmidt, George (Russian-British athlete)
professional wrestler who ranked with Tom Jenkins and Frank Gotch among the greatest in the history of freestyle, or catch-as-catch-can, wrestling. He also held several weight-lifting records....
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hacker (computing)
While breaching privacy to detect cybercrime works well when the crimes involve the theft and misuse of information, ranging from credit card numbers and personal data to file sharing of various commodities—music, video, or child pornography—what of crimes that attempt to wreak havoc on the very workings of the machines that make up the network? The story of hacking actually goes......
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Hacker, Leonard (American actor)
American comedian and actor (b. Aug. 31, 1924, New York, N.Y. —d. June 30, 2003, Malibu, Calif.), garnered laughs for more than 50 years with a stand-up routine that utilized his physical features—pudgy physique, high-pitched voice, and rubbery face—and often featured raunchy jokes. A fixture in nightclubs and on television, he also acted in plays and movies, including It...
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Hacket, Buddy (American actor)
American comedian and actor (b. Aug. 31, 1924, New York, N.Y. —d. June 30, 2003, Malibu, Calif.), garnered laughs for more than 50 years with a stand-up routine that utilized his physical features—pudgy physique, high-pitched voice, and rubbery face—and often featured raunchy jokes. A fixture in nightclubs and on television, he also acted in plays and movies, including It...
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Hackett, Albert (American writer)
U.S. screenwriter and playwright (b. Feb. 16, 1900, New York, N.Y.--d. March 16, 1995, New York), collaborated with his first wife, Frances Goodrich, on more than 30 screenplays, many of them comedies and musicals, before the couple won a Pulitzer Prize for drama for The Diary of Anne Frank, a moving adaptation of the best-selling book Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Their pl...
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Hackett, James Henry (American actor)
American actor, important chiefly for his encouragement of drama in the United States....
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Hackett, Steve (British musician)
...Phil Collins (b. Jan. 31, 1951London), and Steve Hackett (b. Feb. 12, 1950London). ...
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hacking (rugby)
Representatives of several leading football clubs met in 1863 to try to devise a common set of rules for football. Disputes arose over handling the ball and “hacking,” the term given to the tactics of tripping an opponent and kicking his shins. Both handling and hacking were allowed under rugby’s rules but disallowed in other forms of football. Led by F.W. Campbell of Blackhea...
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Hackl, Georg (German luger)
German luger who was the only singles luger to win three consecutive Olympic gold medals (1992, 1994, and 1998). Hackl’s cool demeanour and ability to adapt his sled to race conditions forged his reputation as the dominant luger of his time....
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hackle (mechanics)
...small mirror.) The edges of the mirror have a fine fibrous or misty texture, called the mist. Surrounding the mist are wider and deeper radial ridges, with slivers of glass lifted out. Known as the hackle, these ridges ultimately lead to crack branching. Fracture travels faster in a region that is under tensile stress than in a region of compression; severe compression causes the direction of.....
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hackly fracture (crystallography)
...smooth, curved surfaces that resemble the interior of a seashell; it is commonly observed in quartz and glass. Splintery fracture is breakage into elongated fragments like splinters of wood, while hackly fracture is breakage along jagged surfaces....
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Hackman, Eugene Alden (American actor)
American motion-picture actor known for his rugged appearance and his emotionally honest and natural performances. His solid dependability in a wide variety of roles endeared him to the public....
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Hackman, Gene (American actor)
American motion-picture actor known for his rugged appearance and his emotionally honest and natural performances. His solid dependability in a wide variety of roles endeared him to the public....
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hackmatack (tree)
The most widely distributed North American larch is tamarack, hackmatack, or eastern larch (L. laricina). The bracts on its small cones are hidden by the scales. Eastern larch trees mature in 100 to 200 years. This species may grow 12 to 20 metres (about 40 to 65 feet) tall and have gray to reddish-brown bark. A taller species, the western larch (L. occidentalis) of the Pacific......
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Hackney (borough, London, United Kingdom)
inner borough of London, in the historic county of Middlesex. Hackney lies north of the City of London and Tower Hamlets, and its eastern boundary is the River Lea. It was created a borough in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former metropolitan boroughs of Shoreditch, Hackney, and Stok...
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Hackney (breed of horse)
stylish carriage horse breed, now used primarily as a show horse. It was developed in the 18th century by crossing Thoroughbreds with the Norfolk trotter, a large-sized trotting harness horse originating in and around Norfolk. An important sire was the Shales horse (about 1760)....
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hackney (carriage for hire)
any carriage plying for hire, although hackney coach usually refers to a four-wheeled carriage drawn by two horses and holding six passengers. Hackneys were introduced into England early in the 17th century and may have been named for a section of London. In 1654 there were 300 licensed hackney coaches allowed in London and its environs, and by 1832 there were about 1,200....
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hackney coach (carriage)
any carriage plying for hire, although hackney coach usually refers to a four-wheeled carriage drawn by two horses and holding six passengers. Hackneys were introduced into England early in the 17th century and may have been named for a section of London. In 1654 there were 300 licensed hackney coaches allowed in London and its environs, and by 1832 there were about 1,200....
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Hackney pony
heavy harness pony breed derived from the cross of a Hackney horse and a Welsh pony, used almost entirely as a show pony. It has the conformation and high-stepping action of the Hackney horse. Hackney ponies are shown in classes determined by height, which varies from 11.2 to 14.1 hands (about 46 to 57 inches, or 117 to 145 centimetres). They are registered in the same studbook as the Hackney hor...
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hacksaw (tool)
The hand hacksaw has a U-shaped frame and blades 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) long, 1.25 cm (0.5 inch) wide, and 0.06 cm (0.025 inch) thick that close the U and are placed under tension by a screw adjustment in the handle. This saw is one of the most common tools in a machine shop and is used for cutting off solid parts held in a vise. Saws of this type are also used by butchers for cutting......
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Hackworth, David Haskell (United States Army colonel)
colonel (ret.), U.S. Army (b. Nov. 11, 1930, Venice, Calif.—d. May 4, 2005, Tijuana, Mex.), was a highly decorated soldier and a scourge of the U.S. military establishment; he earned a reputation as a brilliant but rebellious battlefield commander. Hackworth lied to enlist in the army at age 15 and won a battlefield commission at 20 to become the youngest U.S. captain in the Korean War. He ...
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Had (ancient god)
the Old Testament Rimmon, West Semitic god of storms, thunder, and rain, the consort of the goddess Atargatis. His attributes were identical with those of Adad of the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was the chief baal (“lord”) of the West Semites (including both sedentary and nomadic Aramaeans) in north Syria, along the Phoenician coast, an...
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Hadad (people)
...from the imposed authority of Kanem’s successor state, Bornu, located southwest of Lake Chad. Some ethnic groups were not assimilated. The metallurgists of Kanem, for example, were apparently the Danoa (Haddad), who currently serve as blacksmiths among the Kanembu. Other groups resisted integration into the medieval kingdoms. The Yedina (Buduma) established themselves among the inaccessi...
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Hadad (ancient god)
the Old Testament Rimmon, West Semitic god of storms, thunder, and rain, the consort of the goddess Atargatis. His attributes were identical with those of Adad of the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was the chief baal (“lord”) of the West Semites (including both sedentary and nomadic Aramaeans) in north Syria, along the Phoenician coast, an...
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hadada (bird)
The hadada ibis, or hadada (Hagedashia hagedash), of Africa, is a greenish ibis known for its loud call....
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hadada ibis (bird)
The hadada ibis, or hadada (Hagedashia hagedash), of Africa, is a greenish ibis known for its loud call....
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hadal realm (oceanography)
...continental slope and rise. The abyssal zone (between 4,000 and 6,000 metres) represents a substantial portion of the oceans. The deepest region of the oceans (greater than 6,000 metres) is the hadal zone of the deep-sea trenches. Sediments of the deep sea primarily originate from a rain of dead marine organisms and their wastes....
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hadal zone (oceanography)
...continental slope and rise. The abyssal zone (between 4,000 and 6,000 metres) represents a substantial portion of the oceans. The deepest region of the oceans (greater than 6,000 metres) is the hadal zone of the deep-sea trenches. Sediments of the deep sea primarily originate from a rain of dead marine organisms and their wastes....
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Hadamard, Jacques-Salomon (French mathematician)
French mathematician who proved the prime number theorem, which states that as n approaches infinity, π(n) approaches nln n, where π(n) is the number of positive prime numbers not greater than n....
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Hadang language
North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a separate language. ...
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Hadano (Japan)
city, Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, stretching between Tanzawa-yama (Mt. Tanzawa; north; 5,141 ft [1,567 m]) and the Hadano basin (south). It was a regional commercial centre during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867), when the cultivation of tobacco was introduced. The city is now a tobacco-trading centre, containing a processing plant of the Japanese Monopol...
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Hadar (anthropological and archaeological site, Ethiopia)
site of paleoanthropological excavations in the lower Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It lies along the northernmost part of Africa’s Eastern (Great) Rift Valley, about 185 miles (300 km) northeast of Addis Ababa. The lower valley of the Awash River—i.e., the Hadar area—was designate...
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Hadar (Algerian ethnic group)
...a bustling trade in agricultural products and textile (including silk), leather, and metal handicrafts and has some light industrial development. The population is sharply divided between the Hadars (the middle class, descended from the Moors) and the Koulouglis (descendants of Turks and Arab women), each living within its own sector. Pop. (2004 est.) 141,600....
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ḥaḍar, al- (Arabian peoples)
An age-old antagonism exists between the settled peoples, al-ḥaḍar, and the nomadic or pastoral tribes, known as Bedouin (al-bādiyah), but many settled tribes also have nomadic branches. In Yemen, the fertile southwestern corner of Arabia containing more than one-third of its total population,......
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Hadar remains (hominin remains)
The Hadar remains include partial skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis, a key species in human evolution. Major paleontological work began at Hadar in the early 1970s and was led by the American anthropologist Donald Johanson. His team discovered a 40-percent-complete female skeleton of A. afarensis that became......
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Hadassah (American organization)
American religious organization dedicated to preserving and promoting Jewish social and religious values in the United States and to strengthening ties between U.S. and Israeli Jewish communities....
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Hadassah Medical Center (institution, Jerusalem)
The Hadassah Medical Centre at ʿEn Kerem, one of the most advanced institutions of its kind in the world, treats patients from throughout Israel, as well as from the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jordan, as does the Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus. Other hospitals include Shaʿare Tzedeq, which pays special attention to the requirements of Orthodox Jews; Biqur Ḥolim; St.......
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Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America (American organization)
American religious organization dedicated to preserving and promoting Jewish social and religious values in the United States and to strengthening ties between U.S. and Israeli Jewish communities....
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ḥadd (Islamic law)
...French, Swiss, or English systems of justice. Traditional Islamic law (Sharīʿah) divides crimes into two general categories. Several serious offenses, known as ḥadd crimes, are specifically mentioned, along with their appropriate penalties, in the Qurʾān; the ḥadd punishment f...
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Ḥadd, al- (Druze religion)
in the Druze religion, five cosmic principles that are emanations from God, the One. Al-Ḥākim, the 11th-century Fāṭimid caliph of Egypt deified by the Druzes, stands at the centre of the universe as the embodiment of the One. Ḥamzah ibn ʿAlī, a contemporary of al-Ḥākim, systematized the Druze relig...
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Ḥadd, Al- (Bahrain)
...lies just north of Al-Muḥarraq city. Until shortly before Bahraini independence (1971), the air-field served as a Royal Air Force base, the country then being a British-protected state. Al-Ḥadd, another sizable town on the island, is on a spit at its southeast tip. South of Al-Ḥadd on a man-made island at the end of a 7-mile-long causeway is a shipbuilding yard and......
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Hadda (ancient god)
the Old Testament Rimmon, West Semitic god of storms, thunder, and rain, the consort of the goddess Atargatis. His attributes were identical with those of Adad of the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was the chief baal (“lord”) of the West Semites (including both sedentary and nomadic Aramaeans) in north Syria, along the Phoenician coast, an...
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Hadda Padda (play by Kamban)
...(1936; I See a Wondrous Land), a historical novel set in the 11th century that recounts the Viking expeditions to Greenland and America. Kamban’s first plays—Hadda Padda (1914; Eng. trans. Hadda Padda; filmed 1924) and Kongeglimen (1915; “Wrestling Before the King”)—are abo...
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Haddad (people)
...from the imposed authority of Kanem’s successor state, Bornu, located southwest of Lake Chad. Some ethnic groups were not assimilated. The metallurgists of Kanem, for example, were apparently the Danoa (Haddad), who currently serve as blacksmiths among the Kanembu. Other groups resisted integration into the medieval kingdoms. The Yedina (Buduma) established themselves among the inaccessi...
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Haddad, Malek (Algerian poet)
Algerian poet, novelist, and cultural adviser. Haddad abandoned law studies in Aix-en-Provence to write for French and Algerian weeklies and magazines during the Algerian war. His first published book was a collection of poetry, Le Malheur en danger (1956; “Trouble in Danger”). A second collection, Écoute et je t’appelle (1961; “Listen and I Will Ca...
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Haddāwah (Ṣūfī order)
The great variety of possible forms may be seen by comparing the Haddāwah, vagabonds in Morocco, who “do not spoil God’s day by work” and the Shādhilīyah with a sober attitude toward professional life and careful introspection. Out of the Shādhilīyah developed the austere Darqāwīyah, who, in turn, produced the ʿAlā...
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Haddeby (medieval trade centre, Denmark)
in medieval Danish history, trade centre at the southeastern base of the Jutland Peninsula on the Schlei estuary. It served as an early focus of national unification and as a crossroads for Western–Eastern European and European–Western Asian trade....
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Hadden, Briton (American publisher)
At Yale Luce met Briton Hadden, with whom he launched Time magazine. The magazine attracted attention because of its lively layout, its stylistic eccentricities, mostly introduced by Hadden, and its emphasis on personalities. In four years Time was making a profit. In 1929, the year in which Hadden died, Luce brought out the business......
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Haddington (Scotland, United Kingdom)
royal burgh (town), East Lothian council area and historic county, southeastern Scotland, on the left bank of the River Tyne. Lying in the direct route of English invaders from the south, the town, designated a royal burgh in 1130, was burned by forces from across the border in 1216 and again in 1244. Part of the 14th-century granite abbey church of St. Mary is now used as the p...
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Haddingtonshire (council area, Scotland, United Kingdom)
council area and historic county, southeastern Scotland. It lies on the southern coast of the Firth of Forth east of Edinburgh. Much of East Lothian is an undulating coastal lowland, but it extends inland to include part of the upland moors of the Lammermuir Hills. The council area and historic county occupy slightly different areas. A section of the Lammermuir Hills in the sout...
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Haddo, Methlick, Tarves, and Kellie, George Hamilton-Gordon, Lord (prime minister of United Kingdom)
British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852–55) whose government involved Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia (1853–56)....
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haddock (fish)
(Melanogrammus aeglefinus), valuable North Atlantic food fish of the cod family, Gadidae, that is often smoked and sold as “finnan haddie.” The haddock is a bottom dweller and a carnivore, feeding on invertebrates and some fishes. It resembles the cod and, like its relative, has a chin barbel and two anal and three dorsal fins. It is identified, however, by a dark, rather tha...
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Haddon, Alfred Cort (British anthropologist)
one of the founders of modern British anthropology. Virtually the sole exponent of anthropology at Cambridge for 30 years, it was largely through his work and especially his teaching that the subject assumed its place among the observational sciences....
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Haddon, Elizabeth (American Quaker)
borough (town), Camden county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S., a southeastern suburb of Camden. First settled by Francis Collins in 1682, it was later named by Elizabeth Haddon, an English Quaker girl who settled there about 1701. The story of her romance with a Quaker missionary, John Estaugh, is told by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863). She lived to be 82,......
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Haddonfield (borough, New Jersey, United States)
borough (town), Camden county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S., a southeastern suburb of Camden. First settled by Francis Collins in 1682, it was later named by Elizabeth Haddon, an English Quaker girl who settled there about 1701. The story of her romance with a Quaker missionary, John Estaugh, is told by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his ...
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Haddu (ancient god)
the Old Testament Rimmon, West Semitic god of storms, thunder, and rain, the consort of the goddess Atargatis. His attributes were identical with those of Adad of the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was the chief baal (“lord”) of the West Semites (including both sedentary and nomadic Aramaeans) in north Syria, along the Phoenician coast, an...
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Hadean Eon (geochronology)
...found in Greenland and are 3.9 billion years old. They formed at a time when the Earth was fiery with volcanic activity and was pummeled by meteorites. During this time, sometimes referred to as the Hadean Eon, no atmosphere, ozone layer, continents, or oceans existed, and life could not be supported under such conditions (see geochronology: Geologic history of the Earth)....
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Hadejia (Nigeria)
town and traditional emirate, eastern Jigawa state, northern Nigeria. It lies on the northern bank of the Hadejia River (a seasonal tributary of the Komadugu Yobe, which flows into Lake Chad). The emirate’s savanna area originally included Hadejia and six other small Hausa kingdoms that paid tribute to the kingdom of Bornu. About 1805, Umaru, a Fulani leader who held the ...
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Hadejia River (river, Nigeria)
...and south, Kano to the southwest, and Katsina to the northwest. The state consists mostly of plains covered by wooded savanna in the south and scrub vegetation in the north. It is drained by the Hadejia River, a seasonal stream that flows northeastward through the state. The state’s major crops include peanuts (groundnuts), sorghum, cotton, cowpeas, millet, and the rice grown in the rive...
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Hadeland glass
In Denmark the Holmegaard glassworks and in Norway the Hadeland glassworks both followed in some respects the example of Swedish glass. At Holmegaard the movement began in the late 1920s with the appointment as art director of Jacob E. Bang, whose designs included an amount of striking engraved work, and was continued in the clean forms of his successor, Per Lütken. At Hadeland some......
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Haden, Charles Edward (American musician)
American bass virtuoso and bandleader, one of the first improvisers to play free jazz and possibly its most influential bassist....
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Haden, Charlie (American musician)
American bass virtuoso and bandleader, one of the first improvisers to play free jazz and possibly its most influential bassist....
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Haden, Sir Francis Seymour (English artist)
English printmaking of the 19th century centred around two great personalities, Sir Francis Seymour Haden and his brother-in-law, James McNeill Whistler. Haden was a Victorian country gentleman, a surgeon who loved and collected etchings. He started to make prints in his leisure time—and ultimately produced over 200 plates. His etchings, sensitively observed documentations of his......
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H̱adera (Israel)
city, western Israel. It lies on the Plain of Sharon midway between Tel Aviv–Yafo and Haifa, near the Mediterranean Sea. The first Jewish settlement on the northern coastal plain, H̱adera (from Arabic khadhīr, “green”) was founded in 1890 by Jewish immigrants from tsarist-ruled Poland and Lithuania. The seasonal watercourse Naẖal H̱adera (th...
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H̱adera, Naẖal (river, Israel)
...coastal plain, H̱adera (from Arabic khadhīr, “green”) was founded in 1890 by Jewish immigrants from tsarist-ruled Poland and Lithuania. The seasonal watercourse Naẖal H̱adera (then called by its Arabic name of Nahr Mufjir), which flowed through the town, flooded the low-lying area annually during the winter rains and created malarial swamps.......
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Haderslev (Denmark)
city, Sønderjylland amtskommune (county commune), southeastern Jutland, Denmark. It lies along Haderslev Fjord 9 miles (14 km) from the Little Belt (strait). First recorded in 1228 and chartered in 1292, it suffered in the 15th-century wars between Schleswig (Slesvig) and Holstein and passed to Prussia with Schleswig in 1864. It was returned to Denmark with North Schleswig by...
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Hades (mythical place)
...bce), Hades is an underworld god, a chthonic personification of death whose realm, divided from the land of the living by a terrible river, resembles the Mesopotamian land of the dead. The house of Hades is a labyrinth of dark, cold, and joyless halls, surrounded by locked gates and guarded by the hellhound Cerberus. Hell’s queen, Persephone, resides there a prisoner. This ...
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Hades (Greek mythology)
(“the Rich”), in Greek religion, son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and brother of the deities Zeus and Poseidon. After Cronus was killed, the kingdom of the underworld fell by lot to Hades. There he ruled with his queen, Persephone, over the infernal powers and over the dead, in what was often called “the House of Hades,” or simply Hades. Though he ...
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Hades (New Testament)
in the Greek Old Testament, translation of the Hebrew Sheol, the dwelling place of the dead. See hell....
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Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott, Baronet (British metallurgist)
British metallurgist who developed manganese steel, an alloy of exceptional durability that found uses in the construction of railroad rails and rock-crushing machinery....
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Hadfield steel (metallurgy)
...These are austenitic steels that contain about 1.2 percent carbon and 12 percent manganese. The latter element is a strong austenizer; that is, it keeps steel austenitic at room temperature. Manganese steels are often called Hadfield steels, after their inventor, Robert Hadfield....
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Hadhoxt Nask (Zoroastrian text)
...The Siroza enumerates the deities presiding over the 30 days of the month. The Yashts (hymns) are each addressed to one of 21 deities such as Mithra, Anahita, or Verethraghna. The Hadhoxt Nask (“Section Containing Sayings”) describes the fate of the soul after death. The Khūrda Avesta, or Small Avesta, is made up of minor texts....
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Hadhramaut (ancient kingdom, Arabia)
ancient South Arabian kingdom that occupied what are now southern and southeastern Yemen and the present-day Sultanate of Oman (Muscat and Oman). Ḥaḍramawt maintained its political independence until late in the 3rd century ad, when it was conquered by the kingdom of Sabaʾ....
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Hadhramaut (region, Yemen)
region in east-central Yemen, on the Gulf of Aden. The region comprises a hilly area near the coast and an inland valley occupied by a seasonal watercourse, the Wadi Ḥaḍramawt, that runs parallel to the coast before turning southeastward to reach the sea. In its lower reaches this watercourse achieves a year-round flow and is called Wadi Masīlah. At higher e...
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Ḥaḍhramaut, Wadi (river, Yemen)
...the Red Sea through five major watercourses (wadis) and, in the southern part, southward into the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea through three major watercourses. The largest of the latter is the Wadi Ḥaḍramawt (Hadhramaut Valley), which has been renowned since antiquity for its frankincense trees and which historically has been the locus of a number of sophisticated......
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Hādī, al- (Zaydī imam)
In Yemen lasting movements were being shaped by the close of the 9th century; the imam al-Hādī, a theocratic arbiter-ruler of traditional type, founded the ʿAlīd Zaydī dynasty in Ṣaʿdah of northern Yemen. About the mid-12th century a Zaydī imam extended his rule northward to Khaybar and Yanbuʿ (Yenbo) and southward to Zabīd....
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Hādī, al- (ʿAbbāsid caliph)
fourth caliph of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty (reigned 785–786)....
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Hadi ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān (Sudanese leader)
...make the Ansar into a religious and political force. In 1959 he was succeeded as imam of the Ansar by his son Siddiq (d. 1961), who in turn was succeeded by a member of another branch of the family, Hadi ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān. When the latter was killed fighting the leftist revolutionary government of The Sudan in 1970, most members of the Mahdī family fled into exile....
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Hadi, Sayyid Shaykh bin Ahmad, al- (Malaysian writer)
Malay Islāmic writer and polemicist, journalist, and publisher who made significant contributions to modern Malay nationalism....
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Hadīboh (Yemen)
...agriculture. In the interior, nomads keep cattle and other animals and raise some crops. The island’s exports include ghee (clarified butter), fish, and frankincense. The capital and largest town is Hadīboh (Tamrida) on the northern coast....
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Hadid, Zaha (Iraqi architect)
Iraqi-born British architect known for her radical deconstructivist designs. In 2004 she became the first woman to be awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize....
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Hadimu (people)
The southern and eastern portions of Zanzibar island have been mainly populated by a Bantu-speaking people known as the Hadimu; the northern portion of Zanzibar island and the adjacent Tumbatu island have been occupied by another Bantu-speaking people known as the Tumbatu. These two groups represent the earliest arrivals in Zanzibar. Throughout the 19th century, and after, they were......
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“Ḥadīqat al-ḥaqīqah wa sharīʿat aṭ-ṭariqah” (work by Sanāʾī)
...this great work, expressing the poet’s ideas on God, love, philosophy, and reason, is composed of 10,000 couplets in 10 separate sections. The first section was translated in English as The Enclosed Garden of Truth (1910). ...
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hadīt (Islam)
record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān, or scripture of Islām. It might be defined as the biography of Muḥammad perpetuated by the long memory of his community for their exemplification and obedience. The ...
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Ḥadīth (Islam)
record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān, or scripture of Islām. It might be defined as the biography of Muḥammad perpetuated by the long memory of his community for their exemplification and obedience. The ...
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ḥadīth classification science (Islam)
form of investigation established by Muslim traditionists in the 3rd century ah (9th century ad) to determine the validity of accounts (hadiths) of Muhammad’s statements, actions, and approbations as reported by various authorities....
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hadj (Islam)
in Islām, the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim of either sex must make at least once in his or her lifetime. The hajj is the fifth of the fundamental Muslim practices and institutions known as the Five Pillars of Islām. The pilgrimage rite begins on the 7th day of Dhū al-Ḥijjah (the last month of the Isl...
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Hadj Omar ibn Saʿīd Tal, el- (Tukulor leader)
West African Tukulor leader who, after launching a jihad (holy war) in 1854, established a Muslim realm, the Tukulor empire, between the upper Senegal and Niger rivers (in what is now upper Guinea, eastern Senegal, and western and central Mali). The empire survived until the 1890s under his son, Aḥmadu Seku....
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ḥadjdj (Islam)
in Islām, the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim of either sex must make at least once in his or her lifetime. The hajj is the fifth of the fundamental Muslim practices and institutions known as the Five Pillars of Islām. The pilgrimage rite begins on the 7th day of Dhū al-Ḥijjah (the last month of the Isl...
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Hadjeray (people)
...Lake Chad region and, in the Kanem area, are associated with the Kanembu and Tunjur, who are of Arabic origin. All of these groups are sedentary and coexist with Daza, Kreda, and Arab nomads. The Hadjeray (of the Guera Massif) and Abou Telfân are composed of refugee populations who, living on their mountainous terrain, have resisted various invasions. On the plains surrounding the......
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Hadji-Murad (work by Tolstoy)
...peasant life, Vlast tmy (written 1886; The Power of Darkness). After his death, a number of unpublished works came to light, most notably the novella Khadji-Murat (1904; Hadji-Murad), a brilliant narrative about the Caucasus reminiscent of Tolstoy’s earliest fiction....
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Hadjidakis, Manos (Greek composer and songwriter)
...Gold for ExodusScoring of a Musical Picture: Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman for Song without EndSong: “Never on Sunday” from Never on Sunday; music and lyrics by Manos HadjidakisHonorary Award: Gary Cooper and Stan Laurel; Hayley Mills for Pollyanna...
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Hadley, Arthur T. (British editor)
...It added 11 supplementary volumes to those of the ninth, updating much of the material, especially in history. The editors of the 10th edition were Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, Hugh Chisholm, Arthur T. Hadley, and Franklin H. Hooper, the brother of Horace Hooper....
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Hadley cell (meteorology)
model of the Earth’s atmospheric circulation that was proposed by George Hadley (1735). It consists of a single wind system in each hemisphere, with westward and equatorward flow near the surface and eastward and poleward flow at higher altitudes. The tropical regions receive more heat from solar radiation than they radiate back into space, and the polar regions radiate more than they recei...
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Hadley, George (British physicist and meteorologist)
English physicist and meteorologist who first formulated an accurate theory describing the trade winds and the associated meridional (north-south) circulation pattern now known as the Hadley cell....
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