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“In Stahlgewittern” (work by Jünger)
...he was wounded at least seven times, and in 1918 he was awarded the Pour le Mérite medal, Germany’s highest military decoration. After the war he published In Stahlgewittern (1920; The Storm of Steel), a novel in the form of a diary; it contains vivid recollections of his life in the trenches and his experiences in combat as a company commander. In a dispassionate,.....
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In Suprema Petri Apostoli Sede (letter by Pius IX)
...an open letter to the Orthodox world criticizing papal ambitions to exercise authority over the universal Catholic Church as represented in Pope Pius IX’s encyclical letter of Jan. 6, 1848, In Suprema Petri Apostoli Sede (“On the Supreme Throne of Peter the Apostle”), which invited the Orthodox Church to reunite with the church of Rome....
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In the Beginning (work by Kostelanetz)
In 1971, employing a radically formalist approach, Kostelanetz produced the novel In the Beginning, which consists of the alphabet, in single- and double-letter combinations, unfolding over 30 pages. Most of his other literary work also challenges the reader in unconventional ways and is often printed in limited editions at small presses. Kostelanetz’s nonfiction work The...
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In the Cage (work by James)
...experience to his fiction. The result was a complete change in his storytelling methods. In The Spoils of Poynton (1897), What Maisie Knew (1897), The Turn of the Screw and In the Cage (1898), and The Awkward Age (1899), James began to use the methods of alternating “picture” and dramatic scene, close adherence to a given angle of vision, a......
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In the Cage (work by Lowell)
During World War II, Lowell was sentenced, for conscientious objection, to a year and a day in the federal penitentiary at Danbury, Connecticut, and he served five months of his sentence. His poem “In the Cage” from Lord Weary’s Castle (1946) comments on this experience, as does in greater detail “Memories of West Street and Lepke” in Life......
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In the Castle of My Skin (work by Lamming)
...which published some of Lamming’s early work. Lamming left Barbados and worked as a teacher in Trinidad from 1946 to 1950 before settling in England. His highly acclaimed first novel, In the Castle of My Skin (1953), is an autobiographical bildungsroman set against the backdrop of burgeoning nationalism in the British colonies of the Caribbean in the 1930s and ’40s....
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In the Clearing (work by Frost)
...release from pervading fear is contained in the image of a breathless dash through the nighttime city from the security of one faint street lamp to another just as faint. Even in his final volume, In the Clearing, so filled with the stubborn courage of old age, Frost portrays human security as a rather tiny and quite vulnerable opening in a thickly grown forest, a pinpoint of......
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In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening (song by Carmichael and Mercer)
...Small Fry, Heart and Soul, Ole Buttermilk Sky, The Nearness of You, and In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening, which won an Oscar for the best film song of 1951. One of his best-known compositions of the 1940s was Skylark, another......
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“In the Course of Time” (film by Wenders)
...Goalie’s Anxiety at the Penalty Kick). In 1976 he wrote, directed, and produced Im Lauf der Zeit (“In the Course of Time”; Eng. title Kings of the Road), a “buddy” picture pairing a linguist with a movie projector repairman who can barely communicate as they travel across Germany together. ...
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In the Days of the Councillor (work by Andersen)
...it was the work of the German playwright and critic Gotthold E. Lessing that sparked Andersen’s interest in literature and style. In his main work, I cancelliraadens dage (1897; In the Days of the Councillor), short stories tied together by their central figure, Andersen portrayed the world of rural civil servants in Norway. His other novel, Mot......
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In the Distances of Sleep (work by Carter)
...on numerous domestic and international tours. He formed the Met Chamber Ensemble in 1998, performing ambitious programs, including the 2006 premiere of Elliott Carter’s In the Distances of Sleep, commissioned by Carnegie Hall....
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In the Ditch (work by Emecheta)
...with her husband to London in 1962. The problems she encountered in London during the early 1960s provided background for the books that are called her immigrant novels. Her first two books, In the Ditch (1972) and Second-Class Citizen (1974)—both later included in the single volume Adah’s Story (1983)—introduce Emecheta’s three major themes: the...
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In the Faëry Hills (symphonic poem by Bax)
In 1900 he entered the Royal Academy of Music where he studied the piano. Influenced by the Celtic Revival and Irish poetry, he wrote in 1909 the symphonic poem In the Faëry Hills. He spent the year 1910 in Russia. During the following years, under the pseudonym Dermot O’Byrne he published short stories and poems in Ireland, where he spent much time. In 1916 and 1917 he wrote ...
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In the Heat of the Night (film by Jewison, 1967)
Other Nominees...
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In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer (work by Kipphardt)
...Ermittlung (1965; The Investigation) presented extracts from official hearings on the Auschwitz concentration camp; and Kipphardt’s In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer (1964; In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer) re-created the American inquiry into Oppenheimer’s loyalty because of his opposition to the development of the hydrogen bomb....
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In the Mecca (work by Brooks)
The Bean Eaters (1960) contains some of her best verse. Her Selected Poems (1963) was followed in 1968 by In the Mecca, half of which is a long narrative poem about people in the Mecca, a vast, fortresslike apartment building erected on the South Side of Chicago in 1891, which had long since deteriorated into a slum. The second half of the book contains......
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In the Midnight Hour (song by Pickett)
...Pickett” and sent him to Memphis, Tennessee, to write with Otis Redding’s collaborator, guitarist Steve Cropper of Booker T. and the MG’s. The result was a smash single, In the Midnight Hour (1965). From that moment on, Pickett was a star. With his dazzling good looks and confident demeanour, he stood as a leading exponent of the Southern-fried scho...
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In the Midst of Life (work by Bierce)
...newspaper columnist, he specialized in critical attacks on amateur poets, clergymen, bores, dishonest politicians, money grabbers, pretenders, and frauds of all sorts. His principal books are In the Midst of Life (1892), which includes some of his finest stories, such as An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, A Horseman in the Sky,......
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In the Net of the Stars (work by Flint)
Flint’s first volume of poetry, In the Net of the Stars (1909), was a collection of love lyrics, clearly showing the influence of Keats and his contemporary Percy Bysshe Shelley. The same year, he and a group of young poets, all dissatisfied with the state of English poetry, began working to overthrow conventional versification and to replace strict metre with unrhymed cadence (a ter...
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In the Penal Colony (work by Kafka)
Many of the tales are even more unfathomable. In the Penal Colony presents an officer who demonstrates his devotion to duty by submitting himself to the appalling (and clinically described) mutilations of his own instrument of torture. This theme, the ambiguity of a task’s value and the horror of devotion to it—one of Kafka’s constant preoccupations...
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“In the Penal Settlement” (work by Kafka)
Many of the tales are even more unfathomable. In the Penal Colony presents an officer who demonstrates his devotion to duty by submitting himself to the appalling (and clinically described) mutilations of his own instrument of torture. This theme, the ambiguity of a task’s value and the horror of devotion to it—one of Kafka’s constant preoccupations...
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In the Shadow of the Wind (work by Hébert)
...In Héloïse (1980; Eng. trans. Heloise), for example, the protagonist is a vampire. In Les Fous de Bassan (1982; In the Shadow of the Wind; filmed 1987), which won France’s Prix Fémina, one of the narrators is a murdered teenage girl. The novel L’Enfant chargé de songes...
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In the Skin of a Lion (work by Ondaatje)
...(1976), the story of the jazz musician Buddy Bolden, mingle history with autobiography in self-reflexive narratives that enact the process of writing. Ranging from 1920s Toronto (In the Skin of a Lion, 1987) to Italy during World War II (The English Patient, 1992; Booker Prize) and Sri Lanka wracked by civil war (Anil’s Ghost, 2000),......
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In the South Seas (work by Stevenson)
During his months of wandering around the South Sea islands, Stevenson made intensive efforts to understand the local scene and the inhabitants. As a result, his writings on the South Seas (In the South Seas, 1896; A Footnote to History, 1892) are admirably pungent and perceptive. He was writing first-rate journalism, deepened by the awareness of landscape and atmosphere, such as......
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In the Studio (work by Chase)
An extremely effective teacher, Chase taught many pupils, first at the Art Students League of New York and then at his own school in New York City. He is best known for his portraits and figure studies, his still lifes of dead fish, and his studio interiors—e.g., “In the Studio” (1880–83). His mature style is notable for its bold and spontaneous......
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In the Valley of Elah (film)
...Igby Goes Down (2002) and Elizabethtown (2005). Later she returned to political themes and brought her antiwar sentiments to the screen with In the Valley of Elah (2007). In it, Sarandon played the distraught mother of a soldier who disappears after returning home from a tour of duty in the Iraq War....
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In the World (work by Gorky)
In the decade ending in 1923 Gorky’s greatest masterpiece appeared. This is the autobiographical trilogy Detstvo (1913–14; My Childhood), V lyudyakh (1915–16; In the World), and Moi universitety (1923; My Universities). The title of the last volume is sardonic because Gorky’s only university had been that of life, and his wish t...
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In This Our Life (work by Glasgow)
...modern industrial civilization in three comedies of manners—The Romantic Comedians (1926), They Stooped to Folly (1929), and The Sheltered Life (1932). Her last novel, In This Our Life (1941), had a similar theme and, although not her best work, was awarded a Pulitzer Prize. She had been awarded (1940) the Howells Medal of the American Academy of Arts and......
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In Utero (album by Nirvana)
Like Nevermind, the band’s third album, In Utero (1993)—which contained clear articulations of Cobain’s psyche in songs such as All Apologies and Rape Me—reached number one on the U.S. album charts. By this point, however, Cobain’s heroin use was out of c...
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in vitro fertilization (medicine)
medical procedure in which mature egg cells are removed from a woman, fertilized with male sperm outside the body, and inserted into the uterus of the same or another woman for normal gestation. Although IVF with reimplantation of fertilized eggs (ova) has long been widely used in animal breeding, the first successful birt...
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in vitro mutagenesis (biology)
Another use of cloned DNA is in vitro mutagenesis in which a mutation is produced in a segment of cloned DNA. The DNA is then inserted into a cell or organism, and the effects of the mutation are studied. Mutations are useful to geneticists in enabling them to investigate the components of any biological process. However, traditional mutational analysis relied on the occurrence of random......
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In Which We Serve (film by Coward and Lean [1942])
...for Yankee Doodle DandySong: “White Christmas” from Holiday Inn; music and lyrics by Irving BerlinHonorary Awards: Charles Boyer and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; Noel Coward for In Which We Serve...
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in-band signaling
In the earliest days of the telephone network, signaling was provided by means of direct current (DC) between the telephone instrument and the operator. As long-distance circuits and automatic switching systems were placed into service, the use of DC became obsolete, since long-distance circuits could not pass the DC signals. Hence, alternating current (AC) began to be used over interoffice......
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in-breeding (genetics)
the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common ancestry, as opposed to outbreeding, which is the mating of unrelated organisms. Inbreeding is useful in the retention of desirable characteristics or the elimination of undesirable ones, but it often results in decreased vigour, size, and fertility of the offspring because of the combined effect of harmful genes that ...
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in-depth filtration (chemistry)
...of anthracite coal above a layer of fine sand. The upper layer of coal traps most of the large floc, and the finer sand grains in the lower layer trap smaller impurities. This process is called in-depth filtration, as the impurities are not simply screened out or removed at the surface of the filter bed, as is the case in slow sand filters. In order to enhance in-depth filtration, so-called......
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in-line engine (engineering)
There are two arrangements of cylinders in common automotive use—the vertical, or in-line, type (see part C of the figure) and the V type (see part D of the figure). The in-line engine has a single row of cylinders extending vertically upward from the crankcase and aligned with the crankshaft main bearings. The V type has two rows of cylinders, usually forming an angle of 60...
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in-line hockey (sport)
New sports incorporating roller skates emerged soon after the introduction of the quad skate in 1863. The first recorded game of roller hockey took place in London in 1878. Speed roller-skating events began in the 1890s and were popular through the first quarter of the 20th century. Major speed roller-skating events for men, women, and relay teams involve racing counterclockwise around an oval......
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in-line skating (recreation)
In the 1980s roller-skating enjoyed renewed popularity with the creation of a new generation of in-line roller skates by hockey-playing brothers Scott and Brennan Olson, the founders of Rollerblade, Inc. They developed in-line skates with four wheels that extended the full length of the boot, giving the skater greater maneuverability (compared with previous in-line skates) and much more speed.......
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in-marriage (sociology)
custom enjoining one to marry within one’s own group. The penalties for transgressing endogamous restrictions have varied greatly among cultures and have ranged from death to mild disapproval. When marriage to an outside group is mandated, it is referred to as exogamy....
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In-Mut-Too-Yah-Lat-Lat (Nez Percé chief)
Nez Percé chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada....
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In-Nae-Ch’ŏn (Korean religion)
...and every creation will be done. Never forgetting this truth, everything will be known.” This formula contains the basic principle of Ch’ŏndogyo: “Man and God are one” (In-Nae-Ch’ŏn); this oneness is realized by individuals through sincere faith in the unity of their own body and spirit and through faith in the universality of God....
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in-place crystallization
...Geological Survey, who studied chromite cumulates of the Stillwater Complex in Montana. The findings of Jackson and later workers suggested that cumulates can also be produced by such phenomena as in-place crystallization of monomineralic layers on the floor of a magma chamber or density currents carrying mineral grains from the walls and roof of a magma chamber to the floor. Opinion still......
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in-plane switching (electronics)
In recent years a number of alternatives to the 90° TN have been commercialized for use on active-matrix substrates. For example, in-plane switching (IPS) displays operate by applying a switching voltage to electrodes on a single substrate to untwist the liquid crystal. IPS displays have a viewing angle intrinsically superior to that of TFT TNs; however, the requirement for more electrode.....
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in-yō (Eastern philosophy)
in Eastern thought, the two complementary forces that make up all aspects and phenomena of life. Yin is a symbol of earth, femaleness, darkness, passivity, and absorption. It is present in even numbers, in valleys and streams, and is represented by the tiger, the colour orange, and a broken line. Yang is conceived of as heaven, maleness, light, activity, and penetration. It is present in odd numbe...
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INA (Italian corporation)
...corporations. The four were the IRI, the National Hydrocarbons Agency (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi; ENI), the National Electrical Energy Fund (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica; ENEL), and the State Insurance Fund (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni; INA). Other principal agencies include the Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade Statali (ANAS), responsible for some 190,000 mil...
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INA (Indian history)
...40,000 Indian men and women rounded up in Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia. On Oct. 21, 1943, Bose proclaimed the establishment of a provisional independent Indian government, and his so-called Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), alongside Japanese troops, advanced to Rangoon (Yangôn) and thence overland into India, reaching Indian soil on March 18, 1944, and moving into......
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Inaccessible (island, Atlantic Ocean)
...territory of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean about midway between southern Africa and South America. The territory consists of six small islands, of which five—Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible, Nightingale, Middle, and Stoltenhoff—form an island group and the sixth, Gough, lies about 200 miles (320 km) south-southeast of the group. The territory of Tristan da Cunha is......
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inactivated poliovirus vaccine (medicine)
...to humans. The Enders–Weller–Robbins method of production, achieved in test tubes using cultures of nonnerve tissue from human embryos and monkeys, led to the development of the Salk vaccine for polio in 1954. Similarly, their production in the late 1950s of a vaccine against the measles led to the development of a licensed vaccine in the United States in 1963. Much of......
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inactivated vaccine (vaccine)
...ability to stimulate immunity. They may produce a mild or subclinical form of the disease. Attenuated vaccines include those for measles, mumps, polio (the Sabin vaccine), rubella, and tuberculosis. Inactivated vaccines are those that contain organisms that have been killed or inactivated with heat or chemicals. These, too, elicit an immune response, but the response often is less complete.......
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inactivation (biology)
A series of nerve impulses arriving in rapid succession at the axon terminal is accurately reproduced as a series in the postsynaptic cell because the quanta of neurotransmitter released by each impulse are inactivated as soon as they stimulate the receptor proteins. Neurotransmitter inactivation is carried out by a combination of three processes. First, the neurotransmitter molecules simply......
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inactive ice wedge
Ice wedges may be classified as active, inactive, and ice-wedge casts. Active ice wedges are those that are actively growing. The wedge may not crack every year, but during many or most years cracking does occur, and an increment of ice is added. Ice wedges require a much more rigorous climate to grow than does permafrost. The permafrost table must be chilled to -15° to -20° C (5...
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inadequate personality disorder (psychology)
...minor provocation. Persons with histrionic personality disorder persistently display overly dramatic, highly excitable, and intensely expressed behaviour (i.e., histrionics). Persons with dependent personality disorder lack energy and initiative and passively let others assume responsibility for major aspects of their lives. Persons with passive-aggressive personality disorder express......
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Inadunata (fossil subclass)
...the Permian. The crinoids had begun to decline long before the end of the Permian, by which time they were almost entirely decimated, with both the flexible and camerate varieties dying out. The inadunates survived the crisis; they did not become extinct until the end of the Triassic and gave rise to the articulates, which still exist today....
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inadunate (fossil subclass)
...the Permian. The crinoids had begun to decline long before the end of the Permian, by which time they were almost entirely decimated, with both the flexible and camerate varieties dying out. The inadunates survived the crisis; they did not become extinct until the end of the Triassic and gave rise to the articulates, which still exist today....
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Inagaki Hiroshi (Japanese director)
The first part of an epic film trilogy by director Inagaki, Samurai, the Legend of Musashi follows the early life of Miyamoto Musashi (Mifune Toshiro) as he valiantly rises from reckless peasant to proud warrior. The remaining two films, Duel at Ichijoji Temple and Duel at Ganryu Island, follow the further exploits of the hero as he struggles to learn and uphold the code of......
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Inamgon (historical site, India)
...Even much farther south, in Maharashtra, the opening of the 1st millennium seems to have coincided with a period of desiccation, in which the flourishing agricultural settlements at sites such as Inamgaon declined; temporary encampments of pastoral nomads indicate a general deterioration in the standard of living....
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Inanna (Mesopotamian goddess)
in Mesopotamian religion, goddess of war and sexual love. Ishtar is the Akkadian counterpart of the West Semitic goddess Astarte. Inanna, an important goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, came to be identified with Ishtar, but it is uncertain whether Inanna is also of Semitic origin or whether, as is more likely, her similarity to Ishtar caused the two to be identified. In the figu...
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Inao (Thai play)
...Chakkri dynasty, under whose rule relations were reopened with the West and Siam began a forward policy on the Malay peninsula. A gifted poet and dramatist, Rama II wrote a famous version of Inao, dramatic version of a popular traditional story, as well as episodes of the Ramakien and popular dance dramas such as Sang Thong....
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inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, syndrome of (pathology)
The syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) secretion (SIADH) is caused by excessive unregulated secretion of vasopressin. In this situation, vasopressin secretion is inappropriate because it is not stimulated by high serum osmolality or low plasma volume. The excess vasopressin stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys, which results in an increase in the volume of......
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inappropriate vasopressin secretion, syndrome of (pathology)
The syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) secretion (SIADH) is caused by excessive unregulated secretion of vasopressin. In this situation, vasopressin secretion is inappropriate because it is not stimulated by high serum osmolality or low plasma volume. The excess vasopressin stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys, which results in an increase in the volume of......
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inarching (horticulture)
...root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to grow. This term includes budding (bud grafting) and grafting proper (scion grafting and approach grafting or inarching). Budding and grafting proper differ only in the amount of plant material placed on the stock....
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Inari (Japanese mythology)
in Japanese mythology, god primarily known as the protector of rice cultivation. The god also furthers prosperity and is worshiped particularly by merchants and tradesmen, is the patron deity of swordsmiths and is associated with brothels and entertainers....
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Inari, Lake (lake, Finland)
largest lake in northern Finland, lying near the Russian border. At an elevation of 389 ft (119 m), it is approximately 50 mi (80 km) long and 25 mi (40 km) wide at its farthest points, has an area of 425 sq mi (1,102 sq km), and is about 200 ft (61 m) deep. The lake is fed by the Ivalo River from the southwest and drained by the Paats River on the east to the Arctic Ocean. The ...
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Inaros (Libyan prince)
...the Egyptian contingent of the Achaemenid fleet defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (480). Little more is known of Achaemenes’ career until he was defeated and slain in battle by Inaros, the leader of the second rebellion of Egypt against Achaemenid rule....
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Iñárritu, Alejandro González (Mexican director)
Acclaimed Mexican filmmaker Alejandro González Iñárritu finally received mainstream recognition in 2007 with Academy Award nominations as producer and director of Babel (2006), the third segment in a loose trilogy that began with Amores perros (2000). While he did not win in either category, Iñárritu’s presence among the Hollywood elite (coup...
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Inarticulata (brachiopod class)
The Inarticulata, the most abundant brachiopods of the Cambrian, soon gave way to the Articulata and declined greatly in number and variety toward the end of the Cambrian. They were represented in the Ordovician (488,000,000 to 444,000,000 years ago) but decreased thereafter. In the Cretaceous (146,000,000 to 66,000,000 years ago) the punctate calcareous Inarticulata proliferated, but this......
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‘Inasmuch’: Extracts from Letters, Journals, Papers, etc. (work by Fulton)
...funds to build the Cantonese Union Church of Shanghai to house the congregation she had organized. In 1918 she returned to the United States and settled in Pasadena. In her later years she wrote “Inasmuch”: Extracts from Letters, Journals, Papers, etc., a memoir of her work that also included a strong plea for continued support of missionary work in China....
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inauthentic existence (philosophy)
...(Entfremdung)—or, as expressed in terms more central to Heidegger’s thought, in a “highly inauthentic way of being.” Although fallenness, or inauthenticity, is an inescapable feature of human existence—i.e., it is an existential, and an essential, potentiality (Möglichkeit)...
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Inazawa (Japan)
city, Aichi ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, in the Owari plain. It was a small rural town during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), producing vegetables for the market of nearby Nagoya. Increased urbanization in the area since World War II, however, sparked Inazawa’s growth as a residential and industrial suburb of Nagoya. Textiles and machinery are produced....
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Inbev (international company)
international brewing company founded in 2004 through the merger of the Brazilian Companhia de Bebidas das Américas (AmBev) and the Belgian Interbrew SA. Its headquarters are in Leuven, Belg....
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inboard motorboat
The two most common types of motorboats are classified by the manner in which the engine is installed. An inboard motorboat has the engine permanently mounted within the hull, with the drive shaft passing through the hull. An outboard motorboat has a portable, detachable motor, incorporating drive shaft and propeller, that is clamped or bolted to the stern or in a well within the hull. The......
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inborn error of metabolism (genetics)
Many autosomal recessive traits reflect mutations in key metabolic enzymes and result in a wide variety of disorders classified as inborn errors of metabolism. One of the best-known examples of this class of disorders is phenylketonuria (PKU), which results from mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). PAH normally catalyzes the conversion of......
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inbreeding (genetics)
the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common ancestry, as opposed to outbreeding, which is the mating of unrelated organisms. Inbreeding is useful in the retention of desirable characteristics or the elimination of undesirable ones, but it often results in decreased vigour, size, and fertility of the offspring because of the combined effect of harmful genes that ...
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Inbreeding and Outbreeding (work by East and Jones)
...Harrison Shull, led to the development of hybrid corn. The commercial production of hybrid seed corn was made possible by the work of Donald F. Jones, a student of East. In their 1919 book, Inbreeding and Outbreeding, East and Jones laid the basis for the concept of heterosis, or hybrid vigour (that hybrids are often more viable, stronger, and more fertile than inbred strains). East......
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inbreeding, coefficient of (genetics)
Measurement of inbreeding in terms of the degree of consanguinity between two parents is another significant application of data on consanguinity. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) is used to define the probability that two alleles will be identical and derived from the same forebear. The application of this principle is most easily demonstrated by example. If a brother and sister......
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Inca (people)
South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. The Inca established their capital at Cuzco (Peru) in the 12th century. They began their conquests in the early 15th century and within 100 years had gai...
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Inca calendar
So little is known about the calendar used by the Inca that one can hardly make a statement about it for which a contrary opinion cannot be found. Some workers in the field even assert that there was no formal calendar but only a simple count of lunations. Since no written language was used by the Inca, it is impossible to check contradictory statements made by early colonial chroniclers. It is......
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Inca, El (Spanish chronicler)
one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors....
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Inca Garcilaso (Spanish chronicler)
one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors....
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Inca religion
Inca religion—an admixture of complex ceremonies, practices, animistic beliefs, varied forms of belief in objects having magical powers, and nature worship—culminated in the worship of the sun, which was presided over by the priests of the last native pre-Columbian conquerors of the Andean regions of South America. Though there was an Inca state religion of the sun, the substrata......
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Inca Roca (Incan emperor)
...was named emperor because his older brother was considered ugly. Capac Yupanqui was the first Inca ruler to conquer lands outside the Cuzco Valley, although these were only about a dozen miles away. Inca Roca (’Inka Roq’a ’Inka) succeeded his father and subjugated some groups that lived about 12 miles southeast of Cuzco. He is mostly remembered in the chronicles for the fac...
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Inca tern (bird)
...terns, or noddies, belonging to the genus Anous. Noddies, named for their nodding displays, are tropical birds with wedge-shaped or only slightly forked tails. A distinct type of tern, the Inca tern (Larosterna inca), of Peru and northern Chile, bears distinctive white plumes on the side of the head....
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Inca Trail (trail, Peru)
...Cuzco by first taking a narrow-gauge railway and then ascending nearly 1,640 feet (500 metres) from the Urubamba River valley on a serpentine road. Smaller numbers of visitors arrive by hiking the Inca Trail. The portion of the trail from the “km 88” train stop to Machu Picchu is normally hiked in three to six days. It is composed of several thousand stone-cut steps, numerous high...
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Inca Urcon (Incan emperor)
For some time there had been palace intrigue in Cuzco over who would succeed Viracocha Inca to the throne. The Emperor chose Inca Urcon (’Inka ’Urqon) as his successor, but the two generals Vicaquirao and Apo Mayta preferred another son, Cusi Inca Yupanqui (Kusi ’Inka Yupanki). As the Chanca approached Cuzco, Viracocha Inca and Inca Urcon withdrew to a fort near Calca, while C...
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Inca wheat (plant)
...each have several species that are cultivated as bedding plants for their attractive and colourful leaves. The genus Amaranthus contains about 60 species of herbs, including the ornamentals love-lies-bleeding, or Inca wheat (A. caudatus), prince’s feather (A. hybridus), and Joseph’s-coat (A. tricolor), and many weedy plants known as pigweed, especially ...
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Incamminati, Accademia degli (art academy, Italy)
...After working under the painter Prospero Fontana in Bologna, Lodovico visited Florence, Parma, and Venice before returning to his native Bologna. There, about 1585, he and his cousins founded the Accademia degli Incamminati, an art school that became the most progressive and influential institution of its kind in Italy. Lodovico led this school for the next 20 years, during which time he and......
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Incan rite
...After working under the painter Prospero Fontana in Bologna, Lodovico visited Florence, Parma, and Venice before returning to his native Bologna. There, about 1585, he and his cousins founded the Accademia degli Incamminati, an art school that became the most progressive and influential institution of its kind in Italy. Lodovico led this school for the next 20 years, during which time he and......
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incandescence (physics)
As mentioned above, luminescence is characterized by electrons undergoing transitions from excited quantum states. The excitation of the luminescent electrons is not connected with appreciable agitations of the atoms that the electrons belong to. When hot materials become luminous and radiate light, a process called incandescence, the atoms of the material are in a high state of agitation. Of......
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incandescent lamp (lighting)
any of various devices that produce light by heating a suitable material to a high temperature. When any solid or gas is heated, commonly by combustion or resistance to an electric current, it gives off light of a colour (spectral balance) characteristic of the material....
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incandescent mantle
Nonelectric incandescent lamps include the gas-mantle lamp. The mantle is a mesh bag of fabric impregnated with a solution of nitrates of cerium and one or more of the following metals: thorium, beryllium, aluminum, or magnesium. The mantle is fixed over an orifice carrying a flammable gas such as natural gas, coal gas, propane, or vaporized benzene or other fuel. When the gas is ignited, the......
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incantation (magic)
words uttered in a set formula with magical intent. The correct recitation, often with accompanying gestures, is considered to unleash supernatural power. Some societies believe that incorrect recitation can not only nullify the magic but cause the death of the practitioner....
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Incantations (work by Shapey)
...and his Fantasy for orchestra (1951; later withdrawn), Shapey began to make a reputation. His Dimensions (1960) and Incantations (1961) were scored for instrumental ensembles and a soprano who sings wordlessly, using only vowel sounds. In 1964 he started teaching at the University of Chicago and later that...
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incapacitant (chemical compound)
A good deal of work has been done on chemicals that can incapacitate, disorient, or paralyze opponents. Experiments have been conducted on a number of hallucinogenic drug compounds—for instance, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, and methaqualone—and at one time the U.S. Army fielded BZ weapons. These chemical weapons are designed not to......
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incapacitation (penology)
Incapacitation refers to the act of making an individual “incapable” of committing a crime—historically by execution or banishment, and in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration. Most instances of incapacitation involve offenders who have committed repeated crimes (multiple recidivists) under what are known as habitual offender statutes, which......
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incarceration (law)
...Serious offenses are handled by the courts, which were reformed in 1996 to make them more adversarial and to give the defense counsel more independence. Punishments for serious offenses include imprisonment and the death penalty. About 70 different offenses are punishable by death, though the vast majority of death sentences are imposed for common crimes such as murder, rape, robbery,......
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Incarnation (Jesus Christ)
central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, that God assumed a human nature and became a man in the form of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the second Person of the Trinity. Christ was truly God and truly man. The doctrine maintains that the divine and human natures of Jesus do not exist beside one another in an unconnected way but rather are joined in him in a personal u...
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incarnation (religion)
...to the high ethical teaching and character of saints and prophets, who have a special role to play in transmitting the divine message. In some religions this tendency culminates in doctrines of incarnation, of God manifesting himself expressly in refined or perfected human form. This trend is peculiarly marked in the Christian religion, in which the claim is usually made that a unique and......
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Incarnation, Era of the (chronology)
...use in Visigothic Spain of the 6th and 7th centuries and, after the Arab invasions, in the unconquered Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It was abolished, in favour of the Era of the Incarnation, in Catalonia in 1180, in Aragon in 1350, in Castile in 1383, and in Portugal in 1422. The Era of the Passion, commencing 33 years after that of the Incarnation, enjoyed a......
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Incarnation of the Word of God, The (work by Athanasius)
Athanasius’ two-part work of apologetics, Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God, completed about 335, was the first great classic of developed Greek Orthodox theology. In Athanasius’ system, the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God made the world, entered the world in human form to lead men back to the harmony from which they had fallen awa...
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“Ince Memed” (novel by Kemal)
...until 1963. During this time he published a novella, Teneke (1955; “The Tin Pan”), and the novel Ince Memed (1955; Memed, My Hawk). The latter, a popular tale about a bandit and folk hero, was translated into more than 20 languages and was made into a movie in 1984. Kemal wrote three more novels featuring.....
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