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  • Joachim I Nestor (elector of Brandenburg)
    elector of Brandenburg, an opponent of the Habsburg emperors, yet a devout Roman Catholic who prevented the spread of Protestantism in his lands during his lifetime....
  • Joachim II Hektor (elector of Brandenburg)
    elector of Brandenburg who, while supporting the Holy Roman emperor, tolerated the Reformation in his lands and resisted imperial efforts at re-Catholicization....
  • Joachim, Jimmy (American entertainer)
    ...parodies and energetic slapstick humour. Their true surname was Joachim, and the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, N.J., U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, La.), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, N.J.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, Calif.), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, N.J.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, Calif.)....
  • Joachim, Joseph (Hungarian violinist)
    Hungarian violinist known for his masterful technique and his interpretations of works of Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven....
  • Joachim of Fiore (Italian theologian)
    Italian mystic, theologian, biblical commentator, philosopher of history, and founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. He developed a philosophy of history according to which history develops in three ages of increasing spirituality: the ages of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit....
  • Joachim of Floris (Italian theologian)
    Italian mystic, theologian, biblical commentator, philosopher of history, and founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. He developed a philosophy of history according to which history develops in three ages of increasing spirituality: the ages of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit....
  • Joachim, Saint (father of Virgin Mary)
    the parents of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-ad Protevangelium of James (“First Gospel of James”) and the 3rd-century-ad Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (“Gospel of the Nativ...
  • Joachimsthal (Czech Republic)
    spa town, western Czech Republic. It lies at the foot of Mount Klínovec, the highest summit in the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory), just north of Karlovy Vary and near the border with Germany. A silver-mining centre for the Holy Roman Empire, the town reached its peak in the 16th century, when its mines were owned by the counts of Šlik ...
  • Joachimsthaler (coin)
    ...centre for the Holy Roman Empire, the town reached its peak in the 16th century, when its mines were owned by the counts of Šlik (German: Schlik). The German monetary unit taler, or thaler, from which the English word dollar is derived, refers to the Joachimsthaler, a coin first minted in Jáchymov in 1517....
  • Joachin (king of Judah)
    in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with 10,000 of his subjects. Nearly 40 years later Nebuchadrezzar died, and his successor released Jehoiachi...
  • Joad, C. E. M. (British philosopher)
    British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. A pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes and a writer of popular philosophical works, he became widely known to the British public as an agile participant in the BBC “Brains Trust...
  • Joad, Cyril Edwin Mitchinson (British philosopher)
    British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. A pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes and a writer of popular philosophical works, he became widely known to the British public as an agile participant in the BBC “Brains Trust...
  • Joakim (king of Judah)
    in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jer. 22:13–19; II Chron. 36:4–8), son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bc). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho took Jehoahaz to Egypt and made Jehoiakim king. Jehoiakim reigned under the protect...
  • Joan (queen of Castile and Aragon)
    queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain)....
  • Joan (cousin of Philip V)
    Philip was the second son of Philip IV, who made him count of Poitiers in 1311. When his elder brother, King Louis X, died in 1316, leaving an infant daughter Joan by his adulterous first wife, and a pregnant widow, Philip won recognition as regent for the unborn child and then, upon its death in November 1316, five days after birth, declared himself king. Anointed at Reims in January 1317,......
  • Joan (Spanish infanta)
    ...Pacheco, marqués de Villena, initially gained ascendancy over the king, others vied for royal favour. The nobles, alleging Henry’s impotence, refused to accept the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who they declared was the child of the queen and of the king’s most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. Because of that account, the young girl was derided as “La....
  • Joan and Peter (novel by Wells)
    ...with education because of his commitment to socialist or utopian programs, looks at the agonies of the growing process from the viewpoint of an achieved utopia in The Dream (1924) and, in Joan and Peter (1918), concentrates on the search for the right modes of apprenticeship to the complexities of modern life....
  • Joan Armatrading (album by Armatrading)
    ...Indian immigrant, with whom she began composing songs. After collaborating on a first album with Nestor in 1972, Armatrading began working solo, winning critical acclaim with Joan Armatrading (1976), which cracked the U.K. Top 20 and featured the Top 10 single Love and Affection. Armatrading’s romantic, bittersweet lyrics conveyed in...
  • Joan I (queen of France)
    queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285) and queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV....
  • Joan I (queen of Naples)
    countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her time....
  • Joan II (queen of Naples)
    queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain....
  • Joan Makes History (work by Grenville)
    ...(1986) both examined women struggling against oppressive situations: Lilian Singer is a woman abused by her father, and Louise Dufrey is a wife facing a disintegrating marriage. Joan Makes History (1988) considers the subject of Australian history and identity through the story of Joan, born in 1901, the year of Australia’s federation. As Joan moves through her l...
  • Joan of Arc (film by Fleming [1948])
    ...and David Wechsler for The SearchCinematography, Black-and-White: William Daniels for The Naked CityCinematography, Color: Winton Hoch, William V. Skall, Joseph Valentine for Joan of ArcArt Direction, Black-and-White: Roger K. Furse for HamletArt Direction, Color: Hein Heckroth for The Red ShoesMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture:......
  • Joan of Arc, Saint (French heroine)
    national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years’ War. Captured a year afterward, Joan was burned by the English and their French collaborators as a heretic. She became the greatest nat...
  • Joan of England (queen of Sicily)
    ...took Messina by storm (October 4). To prevent the German emperor Henry VI from ruling their country, the Sicilians had elected the native Tancred of Lecce, who had imprisoned the late king’s wife, Joan of England (Richard’s sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By the Treaty of Messina Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of ...
  • Joan of Navarre (queen of France)
    queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285) and queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV....
  • Joan of Navarre (queen of England)
    the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre....
  • Joan, Pope (legendary pope)
    legendary female pontiff who supposedly reigned, under the title of John VIII, for slightly more than 25 months, from 855 to 858, between the pontificates of Leo IV (847–855) and Benedict III (855–858). It has subsequently been proved that a gap of only a few weeks fell between Leo and Benedict and that the story is entirely apocryphal....
  • Joan the Mad (queen of Castile and Aragon)
    queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain)....
  • Joanna I (queen of Naples)
    countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her time....
  • Joanna II (queen of Naples)
    queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain....
  • Joannes Andreae (canonist)
    ...(Summa Aurea) of the titles of the decretals; St. Raymond of Peñafort (d. 1275), a Spanish Dominican who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX at Gregory’s direction; and Joannes Andreae (d. 1348), a married lay professor of the decretals at the University of Bologna, who is regarded as the father of the history of canon law....
  • Joannides (Eastern Orthodox patriarch)
    Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople who attempted to maintain his ecclesiastical authority over the rebellious Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and, with others, wrote an Orthodox encyclical letter repudiating Roman Catholic overtures toward reunion....
  • João Belo (Mozambique)
    port town, southern Mozambique. Located on the eastern bank of the Limpopo River near its mouth, the town is a market centre for cashew nuts, rice, corn (maize), cassava, and sorghum raised in the surrounding area, which is irrigated by the lower Limpopo irrigation project; dairy cattle also are raised. A light railway system runs inland and provides access to the port, which has declined in impor...
  • João de Aviz (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty....
  • Jõao de Deus (Portuguese monk)
    founder of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God (Brothers Hospitallers), a Roman Catholic religious order of nursing brothers. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII declared him patron of hospitals and the sick....
  • João, Dom (king of Portugal)
    prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816, and king from 1816 to 1826, whose reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and Brazil....
  • João I (king of Kongo Kingdom)
    ...arrived in Kongo in 1483, Nzinga a Nkuwu was the manikongo. In 1491 both he and his son, Mvemba a Nzinga, were baptized and assumed Christian names—João I Nzinga a Nkuwu and Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga, respectively. Afonso, who became manikongo c.1509, extended Kongo’s borders, centralized....
  • João Miguel (work by Queiroz)
    ...spoken rather than literary language, and it was hailed by sophisticated critics in Rio and São Paulo. A ham-handed attempt to meddle with the plot of her second novel, João Miguel (1932), ended her short-lived association with the Communist Party. Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the......
  • João o Afortunado (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. He founded the dynasty of Bragança (Braganza), beat off Spanish attacks, and established a system of alliances....
  • João o Bastardo (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty....
  • João o Grande (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty....
  • João o Piedoso (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. His long reign saw the development of Portuguese seapower in the Indian Ocean, the occupation of the Brazilian coast, and the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition and of the Society of Jesus....
  • João Pessoa (Brazil)
    port city and capital, Paraíba estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated at 148 feet (45 metres) above sea level, on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte River, 11 miles (18 km) above its mouth, 75 miles (121 km) north of Recife, and about 100 miles [160 km] south of Natal....
  • João VI (king of Portugal)
    prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816, and king from 1816 to 1826, whose reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and Brazil....
  • Joaquim Nabuco Institute (institution, Recife, Brazil)
    ...(founded 1946), the Federal Rural (Agricultural) University of Pernambuco (1954), the Catholic University of Pernambuco (1951), and the numerous research institutes attached to them. The independent Joaquim Nabuco Institute of social researches, which is distinguished for its anthropological studies, is also located there. Besides the State Museum, there are museums of sugarcane and of popular....
  • Joaquin, Nick (Filipino author)
    Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people....
  • Joaquin, Nicomedes (Filipino author)
    Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people....
  • Joasaph II (patriarch of Constantinople)
    ...at Ratisbon (now Regensburg, Germany) to reconcile their differences on justification by faith, the Lord’s Supper, and the papacy. Another attempt was made in 1559, when Melanchthon and Patriarch Joasaph II of Constantinople corresponded, with the intention of using the Augsburg Confession as the basis of dialogue between Lutheran and Orthodox Christians. On the eve of the French wars of...
  • Job (biblical figure)
    in the Old Testament, one of the three principal comforters of Job. Bildad is introduced (Job 2:11) as a Shuhite, probably a member of a nomadic tribe dwelling in southeastern Palestine....
  • Job (poem by Eben Fardd)
    His best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod (1824); Job, which won at Liverpool (1840); and Maes Bosworth (“Bosworth Field”), which won at Llangollen (1858). In addition to his eisteddfodic compositions, he wrote many hymns, a collection of which was published in....
  • job (economics)
    ...the social merits of automation have been argued by labour leaders, business executives, government officials, and college professors. The biggest controversy has focused on how automation affects employment. There are other important aspects of automation, including its effect on productivity, economic competition, education, and quality of life. These issues are explored here....
  • job evaluation (labour economics)
    This term covers a range of procedures used to develop and maintain a consistent internal pay structure that is acceptable to the work force. Ranking methods use surveys of the work force’s preconceptions of fairness to arrive at a comprehensive pay structure. Analytic methods score the requirements of different jobs according to distinct criteria such as physical effort, mental skills,......
  • Job Market Signaling (work by Spence)
    ...show how better-informed individuals in the market communicate their information to the less-well-informed to avoid the problems associated with adverse selection. In his 1973 seminal paper “Job Market Signaling,” Spence demonstrated how a college degree signals a job seeker’s intelligence and ability to a prospective employer. Other examples of signaling included corporati...
  • job order costing (accounting)
    A second method, job-order costing, is used when individual production centres or departments work on a variety of products rather than just one during a typical time period. Two categories of factory cost are recognized under this method: prime costs and factory overhead costs. Prime costs are those that can be traced directly to a specific batch, or job lot,......
  • Job Retention Project
    As part of its educational efforts, 9to5 established the Job Retention Project in 1987 to assist office workers in developing time-management, goal-setting, and problem-solving skills. In addition, the organization publishes fact sheets, newsletters, and books, such as The Job/Family Challenge: A 9to5 Guide (1995), by Ellen Bravo, that keep workers abreast of current issues. The......
  • Job, Saint (Russian Orthodox patriarch)
    first Russian Orthodox patriarch of Moscow (1589–1605)....
  • job scheduling (computing)
    The allocation of system resources to various tasks, known as job scheduling, is a major assignment of the operating system. The system maintains prioritized queues of jobs waiting for CPU time and must decide which job to take from which queue and how much time to allocate to it, so that all jobs are completed in a fair and timely manner....
  • job shop (industrial engineering)
    ...of interchangeable parts and the development of machine tools, both in the 19th century, brought the modern machine shop into being. Then, as now, the independent machine shop was called a job shop, which meant that it had no product of its own but served large industrial facilities by fabricating tooling, machines, and machinepart replacements. Eventually, some machine shops began to......
  • Job, The Book of (Old Testament)
    book of Hebrew scripture that is often counted among the masterpieces of world literature. It is found in the third section of the biblical canon known as the Ketuvim (“Writings”). The book’s theme is the eternal problem of unmerited suffering, and it is named after its central character, Job, who attempts to understand the sufferings that engulf him....
  • job training (business)
    vocational instruction for employed persons....
  • jobber (business)
    ...prices. Wholesalers, also called distributors, are independent merchants operating any number of wholesale establishments. Wholesalers are typically classified into one of three groups: merchant wholesalers, brokers and agents, and manufacturers’ and retailers’ branches and offices....
  • jobber (London Stock Exchange)
    Trading on the London Stock Exchange is carried on through a unique system of brokers and jobbers. A broker acts as an agent for his customers; a jobber, or dealer, transacts business on the floor of the exchange but does not deal with the public. A customer gives an order to a brokerage house, which relays it to the floor for execution. The receiving broker goes to the area where the security......
  • Jobim, Antônio Carlos (Brazilian composer and musician)
    Brazilian songwriter and composer who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova (“new wrinkle” or “new wave”), which became internationally popular in the 1960s....
  • Jobs, Steven P. (American businessman)
    cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era....
  • Jobs, Steven Paul (American businessman)
    cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era....
  • Job’s tears (plant)
    (species Coix lacryma-jobi), leafy, jointed-stemmed annual grass of the family Poaceae, native to tropical Asia and naturalized in North America. It is 1 to 3 m (3 to nearly 10 feet) tall. Job’s tears receives its name from the hard, shiny, tear-shaped beads that enclose the seed kernels. They are off-white or dark in colour and are 6 to 12 mm (0.25 to 0.5 inch) long. They are somet...
  • Jobst (king of Germany)
    margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany....
  • Jocasta (play by Gascoigne)
    Gascoigne’s Jocasta (performed in 1566) constituted the first Greek tragedy to be presented on the English stage. Translated into blank verse, with the collaboration of Francis Kinwelmersh, from Lodovico Dolce’s Giocasta, the work derives ultimately from Euripides’ Phoenissae. In comedy, Gascoigne’s Supposes (1566?), a prose translation and a...
  • Jocasta (Greek mythology)
    ...Frontier symbolized the frontier woman’s achievement of mastery over an uncharted domain. In Night Journey (1948), a work about the Greek legendary figure Jocasta, the whole dance-drama takes place in the instant when Jocasta learns that she has mated with Oedipus, her own son, and has borne him children. The work treats Jocasta rather than Oedipus ...
  • Jocay (Ecuador)
    port city, western Ecuador, on the Bahía (bay) de Manta. Originally known as Jocay (“Golden Doors”), it was inhabited by 3000 bc and was a Manta Indian capital by ad 1200. Under Spanish rule it was renamed Manta and was reorganized by the conquistador Francisco Pancheco in 1535. In 1565 families from Portoviejo were moved to the ...
  • Jocelyn (poem by Lamartine)
    ...to successive reincarnations until the day on which he realized that he “preferred God.” Lamartine wrote the last fragment of this immense adventure first, and it appeared in 1836 as Jocelyn. It is the story of a young man who intended to take up the religious life but, instead, when cast out of the seminary by the Revolution, falls in love with a young girl; recalled to th...
  • Jochelson, Vladimir Ilich (Russian ethnologist)
    Russian ethnographer and linguist noted for his studies of Siberian peoples....
  • Jöcher, Christian Gottlieb (German scholar)
    ...in the mid-18th century, and the subject field that it treated was biography. The Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon (1750–51; “General Scholarly Lexicon”) was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jöcher, a German biographer, and issued by Gleditsch, the publisher of both Hübner and Marperger’s work and the opponent of Zedler’s enc...
  • Jöchi (Mongol prince)
    Mongol prince, the eldest of Genghis Khan’s four sons and, until the final years of his life, a participant in his father’s military campaigns....
  • Jōchō (Japanese sculptor)
    great Japanese Buddhist sculptor who developed and perfected so-called kiyosehō, or joined-wood techniques. ...
  • Jochumsson, Matthías (Icelandic author)
    Icelandic poet, translator, journalist, dramatist, and editor whose versatility, intellectual integrity, and rich humanity established him as a national figure....
  • Jocists (Roman Catholic organization)
    Roman Catholic movement begun in Belgium in 1912 by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn; it attempts to train workers to evangelize and to help them adjust to the work atmosphere in offices and factories. Organized on a national basis in 1925, Cardijn’s groups were approved by the Belgian bishops and had the support of Pope Pius XI. The organization...
  • jockey (athlete)
    Contemporary accounts identified riders (in England called jockeys—if professional—from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were at first recorded in the Racing Calendar, but by the late 1850s all were named. This neglect of the riders is......
  • Jockey Club (club, New York City, New York, United States)
    In the United States, the governance of racing resides in state commissions. Track operation is private. The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York, at one time exercised wide but not complete control of American racing. It publishes the Racing Calendar and the American Stud Book....
  • Jockey Club (British horse racing organization)
    supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Great Britain, formed about 1750 to regulate racing at Newmarket, Suffolk, and support the sport generally. Its Turf Board, consisting of nine Jockey Club stewards, coordinates long-term policy as opposed to day-to-day operation. Overall control of the sport is in the hands of the Joint Racing Board, composed of membe...
  • Jockey’s Ridge State Park (sand dune, North Carolina, United States)
    ...was seized. The place now has a large cottage colony and is popular for boating, swimming, and beachcombing. High, constantly shifting sand formations run along the sandy spit, notably at adjacent Jockey’s Ridge State Park; the park’s rolling sands and dunes, which reach some 135 feet (40 metres) or more above the sea, are the highest sand dunes on the East Coast and attract sand ...
  • jocs florals
    The great period of Catalan poetry was the 15th century, after John I of Aragon had established in 1393 a poetic academy in Barcelona on the model of the academy in Toulouse with jocs florals (“floral games,” or poetry congresses), including literary competitions. This royal encouragement continued under Martin I and Ferdinand I and helped to emancipate the literary style......
  • joculator (minstrel)
    In Europe professional dance was for many centuries restricted to joculators, wandering bands of jugglers, dancers, poets, and musicians, who were generally regarded as social inferiors. The early ballets were performed almost exclusively by amateur dancers at court (though instructed by professional dancing masters) for whom dance was a means of demonstrating their own grace, dignity, and good......
  • jōdai-yō (Japanese calligraphy)
    ...(“Three Brush Traces”), in effect the finest calligraphers of the age. The others were Ono Tōfū and Fujiwara Sukemasa, and the three perfected the style of writing called jōdai-yō (“ancient style”)....
  • Jodelle, Étienne (French author)
    French dramatist and poet, one of the seven members of the literary circle known as La Pléiade, who applied the aesthetic principles of the group to drama....
  • Jodha, Rāo (Indian ruler)
    city, administrative headquarters of Jodhpur district, Rājasthān state, northwestern India. It was founded in 1459 by Rāo Jodha, a Rājput (one of the warrior rulers of the historic region of Rājputāna), and served as the capital of the former princely state of Jodhpur. Parts of the city are surrounded by an 18th-century wall. The fort, which contains the....
  • Jodhpur (India)
    city, administrative headquarters of Jodhpur district, Rājasthān state, northwestern India. It was founded in 1459 by Rāo Jodha, a Rājput (one of the warrior rulers of the historic region of Rājputāna), and served as the capital of the former princely state of Jodhpur. Parts of the city are surrounded by an 18th-century wall. The fort, which contains the ...
  • Jodhpur (district, India)
    ...Jodhpur, the second largest city of Rājasthān, is the seat of the Rājasthān state high court. The city is the site of an air force college and airfield, the University of Jodhpur (established 1962), and a medical college affiliated with the University of Rājasthān....
  • Jodl, Alfred (German general)
    German general who, as head of the armed forces operations staff, helped plan and conduct most of Germany’s military campaigns during World War II....
  • Jōdo (Japanese Buddhist sect)
    (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land Buddhism....
  • Jōdo Shinshū (Pure Land sect)
    (Japanese: “True Pure Land sect”), the largest of the popular Japanese Buddhist Pure Land sects. See Pure Land Buddhism....
  • Jodo-shu (Japanese Buddhist sect)
    (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land Buddhism....
  • Jodocks (king of Germany)
    margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany....
  • Jodocus (Flemish painter)
    painter who introduced the Flemish style into Urbino. He has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464....
  • Jodoin, Claude (Canadian labour leader)
    ...then in Canada. In 1956 (one year after the AFL and the CIO merged), the CCL and the TLC united as the Canadian Labour Congress, with headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario. Its first elected president, Claude Jodoin, came from the TLC. Officials of the CLC were then instrumental in forming the New Democratic Party in 1961....
  • Jodrell Bank Experimental Station (research station, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom)
    location of one of the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smaller radio telescopes at Jodrellbank (formerly Jodrell Bank), about 32 kilometres (20 miles) south of Manchester in the county of Cheshire, Eng. Immediately after World War II the British astronomer Alfred Charl...
  • jōe (Japanese religious dress)
    ...of kimono-type garments, the most formal of which is the white silk saifuku. Over the saifuku is worn the hō, coloured black, red, or light blue. Less formal are the jōe, a robe of white silk, and the varicoloured kariginu (which means “hunting garment,” attesting to the use made of it during the Heian period); laymen, too, may wear...
  • Joe the Boss (American crime boss)
    leading crime boss of New York City from the early 1920s until his murder in 1931....
  • Joe Turner’s Come and Gone (play by Wilson)
    ...In a series of plays that included Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (1984), Fences (1987), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize, and Joe Turner’s Come and Gone (1986), August Wilson emerged as the most powerful black playwright of the 1980s. Devoting each play to a different decade of life in the 20th century, he won ...
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