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  • Joe-1 (atomic bomb)
    ...amounts of technical data that saved Kurchatov and his team valuable time and scarce resources. The first Soviet test occurred on Aug. 29, 1949, using a plutonium device (known in the West as Joe-1) with a yield of approximately 20 kilotons. A direct copy of the Fat Man bomb tested at Trinity and dropped on Nagasaki, Joe-1 was based on plans supplied by Fuchs and by Theodore A. Hall, the......
  • Joe-19 (thermonuclear bomb)
    ...lithium-6 deuteride. Finally, a more efficient two-stage nuclear configuration using radiation compression (analogous to the Teller-Ulam design) was detonated on Nov. 22, 1955. Known in the West as Joe-19 and RDS-37 in the Soviet Union, the thermonuclear bomb was dropped from a bomber at the Semipalatinsk (now Semey, Kazakh.) test site. As recounted by Sakharov, this test “crowned years....
  • Joe-4 (thermonuclear bomb)
    ...earlier to develop and produce Soviet nuclear weapons. Members of the Tamm and the Zeldovich groups also went to KB-11 to work on the thermonuclear bomb. A Layer Cake bomb, known in the West as Joe-4 and in the Soviet Union as RDS-6, was detonated on Aug. 12, 1953, with a yield of 400 kilotons. Significantly, it was a deliverable thermonuclear bomb—a milestone that the United States......
  • joe-pye-weed (plant)
    Several species are known as joe-pye-weed, especially E. dubium, native to the eastern coastal plain. Sweet joe-pye-weed (E. purpureum), spotted joe-pye-weed (E. maculatum), and hollow joe-pye-weed (E. fistulosum) are found in wet thickets and meadows of the northern and central United States. Most joe-pye-weeds have clusters of fuzzy pink or......
  • Jōei Formulary (Japanese administrative code)
    (1232), in Japanese history, administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects. The shikimoku, or formulary (called Jōei because of its promulgation during the year so named), was a collection of rules for the guidance of the shogun’s courts; it dea...
  • Jōei Shikimoku (Japanese administrative code)
    (1232), in Japanese history, administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects. The shikimoku, or formulary (called Jōei because of its promulgation during the year so named), was a collection of rules for the guidance of the shogun’s courts; it dea...
  • Joel (biblical figure)
    The Book of Joel, the second of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, is a short work of only three chapters. The dates of Joel (whose name means “Yahweh is God”) are difficult to ascertain. Some scholars believe that the work comes from the Persian period (539–331 bce); others hold that it was written soon after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 bce. His referen...
  • Joel, Billy (American musician)
    American singer, pianist, and songwriter in the pop ballad tradition. His greatest popularity was in the 1970s and ’80s....
  • Joel, Book of (Old Testament)
    second of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets. The Jewish canon lumps all together as The Twelve and divides Joel into four chapters; Christian versions combine chapters 2 and 3....
  • Joel, William Martin (American musician)
    American singer, pianist, and songwriter in the pop ballad tradition. His greatest popularity was in the 1970s and ’80s....
  • Joenckema, Rembert van (Flemish physician and botanist)
    Flemish physician and botanist whose Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXX (1583) is considered one of the foremost botanical works of the late 16th century....
  • Joensuu (Finland)
    city, southeastern Finland, at the mouth of the Pielis River, southeast of Kuopio. Chartered in 1848, the city is a rail junction and centre for lumber shipment and has connections by steamship, highway, and air. Local industry includes plywood and lumber mills. The University of Joensuu was established in 1969. Notable landmarks include the town hall (1914), ...
  • JoePa (American football coach)
    American collegiate gridiron football coach who, as head coach at Pennsylvania State University (1966– ), was one of the most successful coaches in the history of the sport....
  • Joey (clown)
    The earliest of the true circus clowns was Joseph Grimaldi, who first appeared in England in 1805. Grimaldi’s clown, affectionately called “Joey,” specialized in the classic physical tricks, tumbling, pratfalls, and slapstick beatings. In the 1860s a low-comedy buffoon appeared under the name of Auguste, who had a big nose, baggy clothes, large shoes, and untidy manners. He wo...
  • joey (kangaroo)
    In all species, the pouch is well developed, opens forward, and contains four teats. The young kangaroo (“joey”) is born at a very immature stage, when it is only about 2 cm (1 inch) long and weighs less than a gram (0.04 ounce). Immediately after birth, it uses its already clawed and well-developed forelimbs to crawl up the mother’s body and enter the pouch. The joey attaches...
  • Joffe, Adolf (Soviet diplomat)
    (Jan. 26, 1923), joint statement issued at Shanghai by the Chinese Nationalist revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen and Adolf Joffe, representative of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, which provided the basis for cooperation between the Soviet Union and Sun’s Kuomintang, or Nationalist, Party....
  • Joffe, Charles H. (American producer and talent agent)
    Other Nominees...
  • Joffre, Joseph-Jacques-Césaire (French general)
    commander in chief (1914–16) of the French armies on the Western Front in World War I, who won fame as “the Victor of the Marne.”...
  • Joffre, Mount (mountain, Canada)
    About 50 peaks in the Canadian Rockies surpass 11,000 feet (3,350 m). Mount Robson (12,972 feet [3,954 m]) in British Columbia is the highest. Others include Mount Joffre (the first glacier-hung peak north of the U.S. border), Mount Assiniboine (the “Matterhorn of the Rockies”), Mount Columbia (12,294 feet [3,747 m]; Alberta’s highest point), and Mount Forbes. Spectacular alpi...
  • Joffrey Ballet (American ballet company)
    ...Wash., and learned dancing in his spare time. Later, after training and performing in New York City, he toured with the Ballet Russe and appeared in Broadway musicals. He helped Joffrey to found the Joffrey Ballet in 1956, and in 1961 he offered his first choreography, Partita for 4 and Ropes. Over the years he became known for his hard, fast, youthful ballets. He became associate...
  • Joffrey Ballet of Chicago (American ballet company)
    ...Wash., and learned dancing in his spare time. Later, after training and performing in New York City, he toured with the Ballet Russe and appeared in Broadway musicals. He helped Joffrey to found the Joffrey Ballet in 1956, and in 1961 he offered his first choreography, Partita for 4 and Ropes. Over the years he became known for his hard, fast, youthful ballets. He became associate...
  • Joffrey, Robert (American choreographer and director)
    American dancer, choreographer, and director, founder of the Joffrey Ballet (1956)....
  • Jofre, Eder (Brazilian boxer)
    Brazilian professional boxer, world bantamweight and featherweight champion....
  • Jog Falls (cataract, India)
    cataract of the Sharavati River, western Karnātaka state, southwestern India. The Jog Falls are located 18 miles (29 km) upstream from Honāvar at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. As it plunges 830 feet (253 m) into a chasm, the river splits into four cascades known as the Raja, or Horseshoe; Roarer; Rocket; and Ranee (“Queen”), or La Dame Blanche (“Th...
  • Jogā Island (island, Japan)
    ...Its port of Misaki is a base for commercial deep-sea fishing, especially of tuna. Besides tuna, the city is well known for its locally grown radishes, and cabbages and watermelons are also produced. Jōga Island, in Aburatsubo Bay, is linked to the mainland at Miura by a large bridge. The island and bay, together with the Aburatsubo Marine Park and local beaches, help make Miura a popular...
  • Jogaila (king of Poland)
    grand duke of Lithuania (as Jogaila, 1377–1401) and king of Poland (1386–1434), who joined two states that became the leading power of eastern Europe. He was the founder of Poland’s Jagiellon dynasty....
  • Jōgan style (Japanese art)
    Japanese sculptural style of the Early Heian period (794–897). Works of Buddhist sculpture are the most numerous monuments of the period. The figures are columnar icons, erect, symmetrical, and perfectly balanced, carved from single blocks of wood and displaying a keen sense of material, with no attempt to smooth over cuts of the knife. The massive bodies are corpulent and heavy, with almos...
  • jogging (exercise)
    form of running at an easy pace, particularly popular from the 1960s in the United States. There, an estimated 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 joggers sought fitness, weight loss, grace, physical fulfillment, and relief from stress by jogging. Joggers expend from 10 to 13 calories per minute in this exercise (compared with approximately 7 to 9 calories per minute for tennis)....
  • Joggins Fossil Cliffs (cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada)
    ...mostly sandstone, underlies the soil—as in the Annapolis Valley, along parts of the Northumberland Strait, and at Cobequid Bay—the land supports orchards and field crops. In 2008 the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, which hold numerous fossils from the Carboniferous Period, were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site....
  • Jogjakarta (Indonesia)
    kotamadya (municipality) and capital, Yogyakarta daerah istimewa (special district), Java, Indonesia. It lies 18 miles (29 km) inland from the southern Java coast and near Mount Merapi (9,551 feet [2,911 m])....
  • joglar (French public entertainer)
    professional storyteller or public entertainer in medieval France, often indistinguishable from the trouvère. The role of the jongleur included that of musician, juggler, and acrobat, as well as reciter of such literary works as the fabliaux, chansons de geste, lays, and other metrical romances that were sometimes of his own composition. Jongleurs performed in marketplaces on public holida...
  • Jogues, Saint Isaac (Jesuit missionary)
    French-born Jesuit missionary who sacrificed his life for the Christianization of North American Indians....
  • Johanan ben Zakkai (Jewish scholar)
    Palestinian Jewish sage, founder of an academy and an authoritative rabbinic body at Jamnia, who had a decisive influence on the continuance and development of traditional Judaism after the destruction of the Temple (ad 70)....
  • Johann der Beständige (elector of Saxony)
    elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion....
  • Johann Friedrich der Grossmütige (elector of Saxony)
    last elector of the Ernestine branch of the Saxon House of Wettin and leader of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. His wars against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and his fellow princes caused him to lose both the electoral rank and much of his territory....
  • Johann Friedrich der Mittlere (duke of Saxony)
    Ernestine duke of Saxony, or Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach, whose attempts to regain the electoral dignity, lost by his father to the rival Albertine branch of the House of Wettin, led to his capture and incarceration until his death....
  • Johann Sebastian Bach (work by Spitta)
    Spitta studied at Göttingen and in 1874 helped found the Bachverein (Bach Society) in Leipzig. In 1875 he became professor of musical history at the University of Berlin. His Johann Sebastian Bach, 2 vol. (1873–80), dealt with Bach’s life and with religious and technical aspects of his work. His editions of the works of Heinrich Schütz and Dietrich Buxtehude esta...
  • Johann Sigismund (elector of Brandenburg)
    elector of Brandenburg from 1608, who united his domain with that of Prussia....
  • Johanna (duchess of Brabant)
    ...justice and the equal application of the laws. The next duke, John III, proved a shrewd diplomat who strengthened the duchy by advantageous marital alliances with neighbouring principalities. When Johanna, the daughter of John III, and her husband, Duke Wenceslas of Luxembourg, acceded to the duchy of Brabant, they granted the charter of rights known as the Joyeuse Entrée (q.v.;.....
  • Johanna Maria, The (work by Schendel)
    ...fate and humanity’s inevitable succumbing to it is prevalent in all his later works, in which he turns to a more Realistic style. Notable examples are Het fregatschip Johanna Maria (1930; The Johanna Maria, 1935), the history of one of the vanishing sailing ships and its sailmaker, and his popular Een hollandsch drama (1935; The House in Haarlem, 1940). His......
  • Johannes Adam Pius Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marko d’Aviano von und zu Liechtenstein (prince of Liechtenstein)
    member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989....
  • Johannes Damascenus (Christian saint)
    Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th-century Iconoclastic Controversy, and whose theological synthesis made him a preeminent intermediary between Greek and medieval Latin culture....
  • Johannes de Bado Aureo (English writer)
    The first English heraldic writer was John of Guildford, or Johannes de Bado Aureo, whose Tractatus de armis (“Treatise on Arms”) was produced about 1394. Then came a Welsh treatise by John Trevor, the Llyfr arfau (“Book of Arms”). Nicholas Upton, a canon of Salisbury Cathedral, about 1440 wrote......
  • Johannes de Mercuria (French philosopher)
    French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent of medieval Christian nominalism (the doctrine that universals are only names with no basis in reality) and voluntarism (the doctrine that will and not reason is the dominant factor in exper...
  • Johannes de Soardis (French theologian)
    Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist....
  • Johannes Eremita (monk)
    ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism, themselves reflect much of the teaching of the hermits of Egypt, the Desert Fathers. Cassian’s theology stemmed from, and was subordinate to, his concept of monasticism. He became a leading exponent of, in its early phase, ...
  • Johannes Paulus I (pope)
    pope whose 33-day pontificate in 1978 was the shortest in modern times. He was the first pope to choose a double name and did so in commemoration of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI. He was the first pope in centuries who refused to be crowned, opting instead for the simple pallium of an archbishop....
  • Johannes Paulus II (pope)
    the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic church (1978–2005), the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26 years was the third longest in history. As part of his effort to promote greater understanding between nations and between religions, he undertook numerous trips abroad, traveling far greater dis...
  • Johannes Scholasticus (Syrian theologian and jurist)
    patriarch of Constantinople (as John III), theologian, and ecclesiastical jurist whose systematic classification of the numerous Byzantine legal codes served as the basis for Greek Orthodox Church (canon) law....
  • Johannes von Tepl (Bohemian author)
    Bohemian author of the remarkable dialogue Der Ackermann aus Böhmen (c. 1400; Death and the Ploughman), the first important prose work in the German language....
  • Johannesburg (South Africa)
    city, Gauteng province, South Africa. It is the country’s chief industrial and financial metropolis....
  • Johannesburg Art Gallery (gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa)
    ...Orchestra and then retire to one of the city’s thriving jazz clubs to hear internationally acclaimed local performers, many of whom have returned to Johannesburg after long years in exile. The Johannesburg Art Gallery, established in the early years of the 20th century with donations from mining magnates, features Africa’s finest collection of European Impressionists, while most o...
  • Johannesburg Stock Exchange (stock exchange, South Africa)
    ...projects. Private pension and provident funds and more than two dozen insurance companies play significant roles in the financial sector. An active capital market exists, organized around the Johannesburg Stock Exchange....
  • Johannesen, Grant (American musician)
    American pianist (b. July 30, 1921, Salt Lake City, Utah—d. March 27, 2005, near Munich, Ger.), championed American and French piano works by such composers as Aaron Copland, Peter Mennin, Gabriel Fauré, and Francis Poulenc. Throughout his career he toured extensively, particularly with the New York Philharmonic and the Cleveland Orchestra. He enjoyed a stellar career as a teacher, m...
  • Johannesen, Knut (Norwegian speed skater)
    Norwegian speed skater who was one of the outstanding competitors in the sport in the late 1950s and early ’60s....
  • Johanneum (school, Germany)
    ...of the outstanding musical positions of the time, he supplied the five main churches with music, was in charge of the Hamburg Opera, and served as cantor at Hamburg’s renowned humanistic school, the Johanneum, where he also was an instructor in music. In Hamburg, too, he directed a collegium musicum and presented public concerts. In 1729 he refused a call to organize a German orchestra a...
  • Johannine Letters (New Testament)
    three New Testament writings, all composed sometime around ad 100 and traditionally attributed to John the Evangelist, son of Zebedee and disciple of Jesus. The author of the first letter is not identified, but the writer of the second and third calls himself “presbyter” (elder). Though the question of authorship has been much discussed, the language and contents of the...
  • Johannis (work by Corippus)
    Of African origin, Corippus migrated to Constantinople. His Johannis, an epic poem in eight books, treats the campaign conducted against the insurgent Mauretanians by John Troglita, the Byzantine commander, and is the principal source of knowledge of these events. The poem, written about 550, shows the tenacity of the classical tradition in Africa and the continuance of the poetic......
  • Johannisberg riesling (wine)
    Alsace has a rich, highly intensive agriculture characterized by small farms. This is particularly true of the vineyards that dominate the foothills of the Vosges. Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and Pinot Blanc are among the notable white wines produced. Colmar is the principal centre of the wine-growing region, whose vineyards......
  • Johannisburg riesling (wine)
    Alsace has a rich, highly intensive agriculture characterized by small farms. This is particularly true of the vineyards that dominate the foothills of the Vosges. Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and Pinot Blanc are among the notable white wines produced. Colmar is the principal centre of the wine-growing region, whose vineyards......
  • Johannitius (Arab scholar)
    Arab scholar whose translations of Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, and the Neoplatonists made accessible to Arab philosophers and scientists the significant sources of Greek thought and culture....
  • Johannsen, Wilhelm Ludvig (Danish botanist and geneticist)
    Danish botanist and geneticist whose experiments in plant heredity offered strong support to the mutation theory of the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries (that changes in heredity come about through sudden, discrete changes of the heredity units in germ cells). Many geneticists thought Johannsen’s ideas dealt a severe blow to Charles Darwin’s theory that new species wer...
  • johannsenite (mineral)
    silicate mineral in the pyroxene family. It has a molecular formula of Ca(Mn,Fe)Si2O6. A calcium-manganese-iron silicate mineral, johannsenite is produced either by metamorphic processes in altered limestones or is associated with pyrite or other minerals in copper, lead, and zinc ores. It is moderately hard, has a glassy lustre, and forms brown, gray, or green crystals or f...
  • Johannsson block (measurement device)
    Gauge blocks, also known as Johannsson blocks, after their inventor, came into significant industrial use during World War I. They are small steel blocks, usually rectangular, with two exceptionally flat surfaces parallel to each other and a specified distance apart. They are sold as sets of blocks that can be wrung together in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch to gauge almost any linear......
  • Johanson, Donald (American anthropologist)
    ...skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis, a key species in human evolution. Major paleontological work began at Hadar in the early 1970s and was led by the American anthropologist Donald Johanson. His team discovered a 40-percent-complete female skeleton of A. afarensis that became popularly known as Lucy. Dated to 3.2 million years ago, the remains provided......
  • Johansson, Christian (Swedish-Russian dancer)
    Swedish-born ballet dancer and principal teacher at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, who made a fundamental contribution to the development of the Russian style of classical ballet....
  • Johansson, Ingemar (Swedish boxer)
    Swedish-born world heavyweight boxing champion....
  • Johansson, Jens Ingemar (Swedish boxer)
    Swedish-born world heavyweight boxing champion....
  • Johansson, Lars (Swedish poet)
    Swedish lyric poet, author of some of the most powerful poems of the Baroque period in Swedish literature....
  • Johansson, Per Christian (Swedish-Russian dancer)
    Swedish-born ballet dancer and principal teacher at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, who made a fundamental contribution to the development of the Russian style of classical ballet....
  • Johide (Japanese musician)
    ...blind musician named Johide, claimed as a student of Hosui, a student of Kenjun, developed his own version of such music. He added compositions in more popular idioms and scales, named himself Yatsuhashi Kengyō, and founded the Yatsuhashi school of koto. The title Yatsuhashi was adopted later by another apparently unrelated school to the far south in the Ryukyu Islands....
  • John (antipope)
    antipope during January 844....
  • John (Byzantine emperor)
    count of Brienne who became titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231–37)....
  • John (elector of Saxony)
    elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion....
  • John (king of England)
    king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215)....
  • John (king of Saxony)
    king of Saxony (1854–73) who was passionately interested in law and in the arts. Under the name Philalethes he published a translation of Dante’s Divine Comedy (1839–49). ...
  • John (French prince)
    third son of King John II the Good of France and a leading patron of the arts; he controlled at least one-third of the territory of France during the middle period of the Hundred Years’ War....
  • John (king of Portugal)
    prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816, and king from 1816 to 1826, whose reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and Brazil....
  • John (king of Hungary)
    king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the House of Habsburg....
  • John (archduke of Austria)
    ...of Austria’s armaments, Metternich could not make up his mind to change over to war on Russia’s side against Napoleon. Resisting all ill-considered projects, in particular those of the archduke John (who was put under house arrest for planning a premature anti-French rising in the Alps), Metternich firmly adhered to neutrality while Austria secretly rearmed. He even drew Saxony in...
  • John (king of Scotland [1250-1313])
    king of Scotland from 1292 to 1296, the youngest son of John de Balliol and his wife Dervorguilla, daughter and heiress of the lord of Galloway. ...
  • John (duke of Burgundy)
    second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century....
  • John (king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)
    king of Denmark (1481–1513) and Norway (1483–1513) and king (as John II) of Sweden (1497–1501) who failed in his efforts to incorporate Sweden into a Danish-dominated Scandinavian union. He was more successful in fostering the commercial development of Danish burghers to challenge the power of the nobility....
  • John (margrave of Brandenburg)
    margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin and a German Protestant ruler who remained loyal to the Catholic Habsburg emperors; he fought against his fellow Protestant princes and was conspicuously successful in the government of his territories....
  • John (fictional character)
    ...the play and is surrounded by many contrasting characters—each able to influence him, each bringing irresolvable and individual problems into dramatic focus. Chief among these characters are John’s domineering mother, Queen Eleanor (formerly Eleanor of Aquitaine), and Philip the Bastard, who supports the king and yet mocks all political and moral pretensions....
  • John (king of Bohemia)
    king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia....
  • John & Francis Baring & Company (British company)
    ...from Bremen to England and started a small wool business near Exeter in 1717. His son, the future Sir Francis Baring, lst Baronet (1740–1810), founded the family banking firm, originally named John & Francis Baring & Company, in London in 1763. He built it into a large and successful business, and from 1792 the house of Baring was instrumental in helping to finance the Brit...
  • John A. Roebling Bridge (bridge, United States)
    Roebling’s Cincinnati Bridge (now called the John A. Roebling Bridge) over the Ohio River was a prototype for his masterful Brooklyn Bridge (see below Steel: Suspension bridges). When this 317-metre- (1,057-foot-) span, iron-wire cable suspension bridge was completed in 1866, it was the longest spanning bridge in the world. Roebling’s mature style showed itself in the structure...
  • John, Acts of (New Testament Apocrypha)
    an apocryphal (noncanonical and unauthentic) Christian writing, composed about ad 180, purporting to be an account of the travels and miracles of St. John the Evangelist. Photius, the 9th-century patriarch of Constantinople, identified the author of the Acts of John as Leucius Charinus, otherwise unknown. The book reflects the heretical views of early Christian Docetists, who denied ...
  • John Adams (television miniseries)
    ...She won Emmy Awards for roles in the sitcom Frasier (2002), the television movie Wild Iris (2004), and the HBO miniseries John Adams (2008). In 2005 Linney earned a second Academy Award nomination, for best supporting actress, for her performance as the freethinking wife of the sex researcher Alfred Kinsey in......
  • John Adams Building (building, Washington, D.C., United States)
    ...called the Congressional Library, or Main Building) houses the Main Reading Room. Designed in Italian Renaissance style, it was completed in 1897 and magnificently restored 100 years later. The John Adams Building, completed in 1939, received its current name in 1980 to honour the president who in 1800 signed the act of Congress establishing the library. The Adams Building was built in Art......
  • John Alexander (emperor of Bulgaria)
    ...in September 1331. He subdued the sporadic revolts of the nobility, who had become more powerful during the period of civil wars, and strengthened his alliance with the new Bulgarian emperor, John Alexander, by marrying his sister Helen in 1332. Relations with Bulgaria remained untroubled to the end of Dušan’s reign....
  • John and Catherine MacArthur Foundation (American organization)
    ...Harper’s financial problems to worsen enough that its parent company, the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, planned to close the magazine in 1980. At that point the John and Catherine MacArthur Foundation stepped in to establish the Harper’s Magazine Foundation, an organization that continues to publish the magazine....
  • John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art (museum, Sarasota, Florida, United States)
    Sarasota is known for the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, which includes the art museum itself with its large collection of Baroque art, notably works by Peter Paul Rubens; the Asolo Theatre (1790), brought from Venice (Italy) and reassembled by the state of Florida; Ca’ d’Zan, the palatial home of John Ringling, completed in 1926; and the Circus Museum. The Asolo Theatre Fest...
  • John Asen II (tsar of Bulgaria)
    tsar of the Second Bulgarian empire from 1218 to 1241, son of Ivan Asen I....
  • John Aubrey and His Friends (work by Powell)
    ...in 1936, writing for the Daily Telegraph for nearly 50 years. After serving in World War II, he wrote a biographical study of the 17th-century author John Aubrey and His Friends (1948)....
  • John, Augustus (Welsh painter)
    Welsh painter who was an accomplished portraitist, muralist, and draughtsman....
  • John, Augustus Edwin (Welsh painter)
    Welsh painter who was an accomplished portraitist, muralist, and draughtsman....
  • John Bar Qursos (Syrian bishop)
    monk and bishop of Tella (near modern Aleppo, Syria), a leading theological propagator of moderate Monophysitism (see Monophysite)....
  • John Bartholomew and Son (British company)
    mapmaking and publishing company of the United Kingdom, located in Edinburgh and specializing in the use of hypsometric (layer) colouring in relief maps. The company was established in 1826 by John Bartholomew. It originally published such diverse items as checkbooks, election literature, and maps. In 1856 his son John George Bartholomew (1831–93), the well-known Scottish cartographer, ass...
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