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  • Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (plant)
    ...devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished by their colourful flowers, have been derived from K. blossfeldiana; they are marketed widely in the winter for their flowers, which may remain fresh for as long as eight weeks....
  • Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Kalanchoe daigremontiana)
    ...foliage, include the panda plant (K. tomentosa); penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt bush (K. beharensis); devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished by their colourful flowers, have been derived f...
  • Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi (plant)
    ...penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt bush (K. beharensis); devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished by their colourful flowers, have been derived from K. blossfeldiana; they are marketed widely......
  • Kalanchoe marmorata (plant)
    The most common species, valued for their unusual foliage, include the panda plant (K. tomentosa); penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt bush (K. beharensis); devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished ...
  • Kalanchoe pinnata (plant species)
    The most common species, valued for their unusual foliage, include the panda plant (K. tomentosa); penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt bush (K. beharensis); devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished ...
  • Kalanchoe tomentosa (plant)
    The most common species, valued for their unusual foliage, include the panda plant (K. tomentosa); penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt bush (K. beharensis); devil’s backbone (K. daigremontiana); and South American air plant (K. fedtschenkoi). A range of attractive pot plants, distinguished ...
  • Kalanga (people)
    ...have populated what is now Zimbabwe for more than 10 centuries. Those who speak Ndebele are concentrated in a circle around Bulawayo, with Shona-speaking peoples beyond them on all sides—the Kalanga to the southwest, the Karanga to the east around Nyanda (formerly Fort Victoria), the Zezuru to the northeast, and the Rozwi and Tonga to the north. Generations of intermarriage have to a......
  • Kalantiyaw, Code of (Philippines [1433])
    one of the few written documents to survive from the pre-Spanish Philippine culture. The penal code was apparently written in 1433 and discovered on the island of Panay in 1614....
  • Kalapuya language
    ...(two languages), Yakonan (two extinct languages), Yokutsan (three languages), and Maiduan (four languages)—plus Klamath-Modoc, Cayuse (extinct), Molale (extinct), Coos, Takelma (extinct), Kalapuya, Chinook (not to be confused with Chinook jargon, a trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting of a single language. All but four of the surviving......
  • kalaśa (architecture)
    ...(skandha), above which is a circular necking (grīvā), carrying a large grooved disc called the āmalasāraka. On it rests a pot and a crowning finial (kalaśa)....
  • Kalasan (temple, Indonesia)
    Post-Borobudur candis illustrate the Buddhist doctrine in different ways. Kalasan, for example, built in the second half of the 8th century, was a large, square shrine on a plinth, with projecting porticoes at the centre of each face. The roof was surmounted by a high circular stupa mounted on an octagonal drum, the faces of which bear reliefs of......
  • Kalasasaya (building, Tiahuanaco, Bolivia)
    The principal buildings of Tiwanaku include the Akapana Pyramid, a huge platform mound or stepped pyramid of earth faced with cut andesite; a rectangular enclosure known as the Kalasasaya, constructed of alternating tall stone columns and smaller rectangular blocks; and another enclosure known as the Palacio. A notable feature of the Kalasasaya is the monolithic Gateway of the Sun, which is......
  • Kalashnikov, Mikhail Timofeyevich (Soviet military designer)
    ...a muzzle velocity of 2,330 feet per second. Historical evidence suggests that they were influenced by the Sturmgewehr, but to what extent remains uncertain. In 1947 they adopted a weapon designed by Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov, naming it the Avtomat Kalashnikova. Like the German weapon, the AK-47 was operated by diverting some of the propellant gases into a cylinder above the barrel; this....
  • Kalashnikov model 1947 (Soviet firearm)
    1947, Soviet assault rifle, one of the most widely used shoulder weapons in the world. The initials AK represent Avtomat Kalashnikov, Russian for “automatic Kalashnikov,” for its designer, Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (b. 1919). It has both semiautomatic and automatic capabilities and fires intermediate-power 7.62-millimetre ammunition....
  • Kalasin (Thailand)
    town, northeastern Thailand on the Khorat Plateau. It lies on the east bank of the Bao River on a major road from Khon Kaen to Sakon Nakhon. The area is known for its livestock, watermelons, and rice, grown in the river valleys. Pop. (1986 est.) 32,436. ...
  • Kālāśoka (Śaiśunāga ruler)
    The reign of Śiśunāga’s son Kālāśoka is known chiefly for two important events: the meeting of the second Buddhist Council at Vaiśālī and the shifting of the Magadhan capital to Pāṭaliputra. The end of Śiśunāga’s line is obscure, as is much of the pre-Mauryan dynastic history of Magadha....
  • Kalāt (Pakistan)
    town, Balochistān province, Pakistan. The town, known locally as Kalāt-e Baluch to distinguish it from Kalāt-e Ghilzai (Qalāt-e Ghelzāʾī) in Afghanistan, and Kalāt-e Sewa after its legendary founder, occupies a spur of the Shas-i Mardan Hill at the western end of Kalāt valley. A small retail-market centre, it is conn...
  • Kalāt (khanate, Pakistan)
    The 29 tribes owe a loose allegiance to the Brahui khan of Kalāt, which has long been associated with the confederacy’s destinies. A group of eight tribes forms what is believed to be the original Brahui nucleus and constitutes about one-eleventh of the Brahui population. To these nuclear tribes have been affiliated many indigenous and captive peoples....
  • Kalaupapa National Historical Park (national park, Hawaii, United States)
    ...coffee and sweet potatoes among the leading exports. Kaunakakai, the chief village, is on the south coast and has a small harbour. Tourism is not significant on Molokai. Notable attractions include Kalaupapa National Historical Park (1980), on the site of the former leprosy colony, and Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge, which protects a large pond and several Hawaiian birds, including the......
  • Kalaupapa Peninsula (peninsula, Hawaii, United States)
    peninsula on the northern shore of Molokai island, Hawaii, U.S. Occupying a 5-square-mile (13-square-km) plateau unsuited to agriculture, the peninsula is isolated from the rest of the island by 2,000-foot (600-metre) cliffs. It was formed more than 200,000 years ago from the flows of lava from nearby Pu‘u‘uao. For some 900 years it was the site ...
  • Kalávria (island, Greece)
    ...of the nomós (department) of Attikí, Greece. It actually comprises two islands totaling 9 square miles (23 square km), the larger of which is the wooded, limestone island of Kalávria, separated from the village of Galatás on the mainland by a narrow channel, or poros, whence the collective name. Between the channel and Kalávria is the small,......
  • Kalávria (Greece)
    ...wooded, limestone island of Kalávria, separated from the village of Galatás on the mainland by a narrow channel, or poros, whence the collective name. Between the channel and Kalávria is the small, barren volcanic (trachyte) islet of Póros, an Athenian resort joined to Kalávria by a bridge. Calauria (modern Kalávria) on the central plateau of......
  • Kalawao (Hawaii, United States)
    ...of an ancient Hawaiian agricultural village, whose major crops were taro and sweet potatoes. Archaeological evidence has revealed a once densely populated settlement containing many religious sites. Kalawao village, on the peninsula’s east side, is now abandoned but was the site of the original “leper colony” established by King Kamehameha V in 1866; to effect a quarantine,...
  • Kalb (people)
    ...mawālī (non-Arab Muslims) by placing all Muslims on the same footing, without respect of nationality, led to financial crisis, while the recrudescence of feuds between southern (Kalb) and northern (Qays) Arab tribes seriously reduced military power....
  • Kalb, Jean de (European military officer)
    prominent German officer who fought for the Continental Army in the American Revolution....
  • Kalb, Johann (European military officer)
    prominent German officer who fought for the Continental Army in the American Revolution....
  • Kalb River, Al- (river, Lebanon)
    river, west-central Lebanon, flowing westward and emptying into the Mediterranean Sea north of Beirut. Apart from a small section near the coast the river is seasonal; in summer its only source is a spring at the Jʿītā Cave. The river is about 19 miles (30 km) in length....
  • Kalderash (people)
    ...Roma recognize divisions among themselves with some sense of territoriality emphasized by certain cultural and dialectal differences. Some authorities delineate three main confederations: (1) the Kalderash (smiths who came from the Balkans and then from central Europe and are the most numerous), (2) the Gitanos (French Gitans, mostly in the Iberian......
  • Kaldor, Nicholas (British economist)
    Other models of growth also illustrate this distinction between demand-determined and supply-determined growth. The British economist N. Kaldor assumed that there is a mechanism at work generating full employment. Simply stated, in his model an inadequate rate of investment will be offset by shifts in the distribution of income between profits and wages, which will cause consumption to change......
  • Kaldu (ancient state, Middle East)
    land in southern Babylonia (modern southern Iraq) frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. Strictly speaking, the name should be applied to the land bordering the head of the Persian Gulf between the Arabian desert and the Euphrates delta....
  • kale (vegetable)
    (species Brassica oleracea, Acephala group), loose-leafed, edible plant derived from the cabbage of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) and including several forms. Common, or Scotch, and Buda kale are among the hardiest of vegetable crops. The plant produces a strong-growing rosette of long-petioled, elongated leaves with wavy to frilled margins. In a long growing season the main stem reache...
  • Kale-i Sultaniye (Turkey)
    city, northwestern Turkey, at the mouth of Koca River (the ancient Rhodius River), on the Asian side of the Dardanelles. Originally a 15th-century Ottoman fortress called Kale-i Sultaniye, it had by the 18th century developed a reputation for its pottery, whence its name (Turkish çanak, “pot,” and kale, “fortress”). The pottery in...
  • Kaleb, Vjekoslav (Croatian author)
    ...atmosphere that followed Yugoslavia’s break with the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1948, new prose writers included Ranko Marinković (Kiklop [1965; “The Cyclops”]) and Vjekoslav Kaleb (Divota prašine [1954; “The Wonder of Dust,” Eng. trans. Glorious Dust]), who wrote on the war and contem...
  • Kaledin, Aleksey Maksimovich (Russian military officer)
    Russian Imperial Army officer and Cossack leader who was one of the first to organize military resistance against the Bolsheviks after their accession to power in Russia (October 1917, Old Style)....
  • Kaleida Labs, Inc. (American company)
    ...agreement with Motorola, Inc., to develop a next-generation RISC (reduced-instruction-set computing) chip, known as the PowerPC, Apple and IBM created two new software companies, Taligent, Inc., and Kaleida Labs, Inc., for the development of operating system software. Taligent was expected to enable versions of both the Mac OS and the IBM OS/2 to run on a new computer hardware standard, the......
  • kaleidoscope (optical device)
    optical device consisting of mirrors that reflect images of bits of coloured glass in a symmetrical geometric design through a viewer. The design may be changed endlessly by rotating the section containing the loose fragments. The name is derived from the Greek words kalos (“beautiful”), eïdos (“form”), and skopeïn ...
  • Kalejs (Baltic religion)
    in Baltic religion, the heavenly smith, usually associated with a huge iron hammer. A smith in the tradition of the Greek Hephaistos and the Vedic Tvaṣṭṛ, Kalvis also seems to have been a dragon killer, a function in which he was superseded by the Christian St. George. Every morning Kalvis hammers a new sun for Aušrinė (Latvian Auseklis), the dawn, and a silver b...
  • Kalemegdan (Roman settlement, Serbia)
    ...fortress on the Kalemegdan headland that was encompassed on three sides by the Sava and the Danube. The first fortress was built by the Celts in the 4th century bc and was known by the Romans as Singidunum. It was destroyed by the Huns in 442 and changed hands among the Sarmatians, Goths, and Gepidae before it was recaptured by the Byzantine emperor Justinian. It was later held by...
  • Kalemi (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
    town, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Africa. It is a port on the west bank of Lake Tanganyika where the Lukuga River exits, and it has an airport and rail links to Lubumbashi and Kananga. In 1915 Kalemi, then the site of a British-Belgian military base, was chosen as the terminus of the Chemin de Fer des Grands Lacs (...
  • Kalemie (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
    town, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Africa. It is a port on the west bank of Lake Tanganyika where the Lukuga River exits, and it has an airport and rail links to Lubumbashi and Kananga. In 1915 Kalemi, then the site of a British-Belgian military base, was chosen as the terminus of the Chemin de Fer des Grands Lacs (...
  • kalemiye (Ottoman institution)
    ...or askeriye) institution, which was responsible for expanding and defending the empire and keeping order and security within the sultan’s dominions; the administrative, or scribal (kalemiye), institution, organized as the imperial treasury (hazine-i amire), which was in charge of collecting and spending the imperial revenues; and the religious, or cultural......
  • Kalendae (Roman chronology)
    ...the Roman republican calendar method of numbering the days of the month. Compared with the present system, the Roman numbering seems to run backward, for the first day of the month was known as the Kalendae, but subsequent days were not enumerated as so many after the Kalendae but as so many before the following Nonae (“nones”), the day called nonae being the ninth day before the....
  • Kalendae (religion)
    ...all of their religious views. The seasonal festivals of the Slavs turn out to be almost entirely dedicated to the dead, very often without the participants realizing it, as in the case of the Koljada (Latin Kalendae)—the annual visit made by the spirits of the dead, under the disguise of beggars, to all the houses in the village. It is possible that the bones of the disinterred were......
  • Kalender-Geschichten (novel by Graf)
    German regional novelist and poet known for novels and sketches of Bavarian peasant life, such as Kalender-Geschichten, 2 vol. (1929, rev. 1957; “Calendar Stories”). Graf’s writing is marked by frank realism and by his own socialist and pacifist beliefs, but these are tempered by humorous affection for his subjects....
  • Kalene Hill (mountain, Zambia)
    The Zambezi rises out of a marshy bog near Kalene Hill, Zambia, about 4,800 feet (1,460 metres) above sea level, and flows some 20 miles before entering Angola, through which it runs for more than 175 miles. In this first section of its course, the river is met by more than a dozen tributaries of varying sizes. Shortly after reentering Zambia, the river flows over the Chavuma Falls and enters a......
  • Kalenjin (people)
    any member of the Kipsikis (Kipsigis), Nandi, Pokot, or other related peoples of west-central Kenya, northern Tanzania, and Uganda who speak Southern Nilotic languages of the Nilo-Saharan language family....
  • Kalevala (Finnish literature)
    Finnish national epic compiled from old Finnish ballads, lyrical songs, and incantations that were a part of Finnish oral tradition....
  • Kalevipoeg (poem by Kreutzwald)
    physician, folklorist, and poet who compiled the Estonian national epic poem Kalevipoeg (1857–61, “The Son of Kalevi”)....
  • “Kalevipoeg: An Ancient Estonian Tale” (poem by Kreutzwald)
    physician, folklorist, and poet who compiled the Estonian national epic poem Kalevipoeg (1857–61, “The Son of Kalevi”)....
  • Kalf, Willem (Dutch painter)
    one of the best known Dutch painters of still-life compositions....
  • Kalff, Willem (Dutch painter)
    one of the best known Dutch painters of still-life compositions....
  • Kalgan (China)
    city in northwestern Hebei sheng (province), northern China. Kalgan, the name by which the city is most commonly known, is from a Mongolian word meaning “gate in a barrier,” or “frontier.” The city was colloquially known in Chinese as the Dongkou (“Eastern Entry”) into Hebei from Inner Mongolia. It...
  • Kalgoorlie (Western Australia, Australia)
    town, south central Western Australia. Together with neighbouring Boulder to the south, it forms the principal settlement of the East Coolgardie goldfield, on the western fringe of the Nullarbor Plain and the Great Victoria Desert. Mining began with a rush following Paddy Hannan’s discovery of gold in 1893, and the main deposit of deep, rich ores came to be known as the G...
  • Kalhaṇa (Kashmir Brahman)
    (Sanskrit: “River of Kings”), historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmir Brahman Kalhaṇa in 1148; it is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. It covers the entire span of Kashmir history, from the earliest times to the date of its composition....
  • Kalhu (ancient city, Iraq)
    ancient Assyrian city situated south of Mosul in northern Iraq. The city was first excavated by A.H. Layard during 1845–51 and afterward principally by M.E.L. (later Sir Max) Mallowan (1949–58)....
  • Kali (Hindu goddess)
    in Hinduism, goddess of time, doomsday, and death, or the black goddess (the feminine form of Sanskrit kala, “time-doomsday-death,” or “black”). Kali’s iconography, cult, and mythology commonly associate her with death, sexuality, violence, and, paradoxically in some later traditions, with motherly love....
  • Kāli Banga (ancient site, India)
    ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization, in northwestern India (now Rājasthān). This site, discovered by A. Ghosh (director general of the Archaeological Survey of India), is of archaeological significance because it contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains; and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures. Although the pre-Harappan cul...
  • Kāli Gandak River Valley (valley, Nepal)
    Probably the world’s deepest subaerial valley is that of the Kāli Gandaki River in Nepal. Lying between two 8,000-metre (26,000-foot) Himalayan peaks, Dhaulāgiri and Annapūrna, the valley has a total relief of six kilometres (four miles). Because the Himalayas are one of the Earth’s most active areas of tectonic uplift, this valley well illustrates the principle ...
  • Kali River (river, Asia)
    river rising in the Himalayas and flowing south-southeast along the India–Nepal border to join the Ghāghara River after a course of about 300 miles (480 km). In its upper course, where the stream is known as the Kāli River, it enters the Gangetic Plain at Barmdeo Mandi, widening there above the Sārda Barrage; below this point it is known as the Sārda River. Its m...
  • Kali Yuga (Hindu chronology)
    ...“order” (dharma) established in the first stage, the Kṛta Yuga, gradually decaying in the three others, the Tretā, Dvāpara, and Kali yugas. The respective durations of these four yugas were 1,728,000, 1,296,000, 864,000, and 432,000 years. According to the astronomer Āryabhaṭa, however, the duration of each o...
  • Kalibangan (ancient site, India)
    ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization, in northwestern India (now Rājasthān). This site, discovered by A. Ghosh (director general of the Archaeological Survey of India), is of archaeological significance because it contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains; and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures. Although the pre-Harappan cul...
  • Kalibobo lighthouse (building, Madang, Papua New Guinea)
    ...colony. It was abandoned by the Germans in 1899 because of the prevalence of malaria there. Australian administration after 1914 was followed in 1942–45 by Japanese occupation of the area. Kalibobo lighthouse at the harbour entrance commemorates New Guinea coast watchers who aided the Allies during World War II. Madang is connected by a coastal road to Bogia in the northwest and to Lae.....
  • Kālidāsa (Indian author)
    Sanskrit poet and dramatist, probably the greatest Indian writer of any epoch. The six works identified as genuine are the dramas Abhijñānaśakuntala (“The Recognition of Śakuntalā”), Vikramorvaśī (“Urvaśī Won by Valour”), and Mālavikāgnimitra (“Mālavik...
  • Kālīghāṭ painting (Indian art)
    short-lived style of watercolour painting produced in the 19th century in India by artists in the Calcutta marketplace for sale to pilgrims visiting the Kālīghāṭ temple. The style is characterized by broad sweeping brush lines, bold colours, and simplification of forms suitable for their mass production....
  • Kalika alphabet
    writing system of the Mongolian people of north-central Asia, derived from the Uighur alphabet c. 1310 (see Uighur language), and somewhat influenced by the Tibetan script. Both the Uighur and the Tibetan scripts had been in use by the Mongolians prior to the development of the Mongolian alphabet, Uighur before 1272 and Tibetan Pa-sse-pa or ’Phags-pa from 12...
  • Kalikātā (India)
    city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1912) of British India. It is India’s largest city and one of its major ports. The city is located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, once the main channel of the Ganges River, about 96 miles (154 kilometres) upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal; there the port city developed as a point of tran...
  • Kalīlah wa Dimnah (Arabic literature)
    ...Spain with the capture (1085) of Toledo from the Muslims, and the city became a centre of translation from Oriental languages. An anonymous translation from Arabic (1251) of the beast fable Kalīlah wa Dimnah exemplifies early storytelling in Spanish. A romance of the Seven Sages, the Sendebar, was translated likewise through Arabic, with other collections of......
  • Kalimán (fictional character)
    ...values with an instinctive comic exuberance that occasionally lapsed into didacticism. He appealed primarily to students and the professional classes. Most other Mexicans were more attracted to Kalimán, an asexual superhero known throughout Latin America. The story of Kalimán started in 1963 as a radio serial, and two years later it was made into a comic book, reaching 1.5 to......
  • Kalimantan (region, Indonesia)
    southern three-quarters of the island of Borneo that is politically part of Indonesia. Indonesians, however, use the word as a geographic term for the entire island. The origin of the name Kalimantan is obscure. In Sarawak the term Kelamantan refers to the sago-eating peoples of northern Borneo. Indonesian Kalimantan is divided into four propinsi-propinsi (provinces): Ka...
  • Kalimantan Barat (province, Indonesia)
    provinsi (“province”), western Borneo, Indonesia, bounded on the north by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, by the Indonesian provinces of Kalimantan Timur on the northeast and Kalimantan Tengah on the southeast, and by the Java Sea on the south and the Karimata Strait on the west. It covers an area of 56,682 square miles (146,807 square km) and includes the individual isl...
  • Kalimantan Selatan (province, Indonesia)
    provinsi (“province”), southeastern Borneo, Indonesia, bounded by the Makassar Strait on the east, the Java Sea on the south, and the provinces of Kalimantan Tengah on the west and Kalimantan Timur on the north. It covers an area of 14,280 square miles (36,985 square km) and includes the islands of Laut, Sebuku, and Balabalangan in the Makassar Strait....
  • Kalimantan Tengah (province, Indonesia)
    provinsi (“province”), south-central Borneo, Indonesia, bounded by Kalimantan Barat province on the northwest, Kalimantan Timur province on the north and northeast, Kalimantan Selatan province on the southeast, and the Java Sea on the south. It has an area of 59,383 square miles (153,800 square km)....
  • Kalimantan Timur (province, Indonesia)
    provinsi (“province”), east-central Borneo, Indonesia, fronting the Celebes Sea to the northeast and the Makassar Strait to the southeast. It is bounded on the north and northwest by the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak and by the Indonesian provinces of Kalimantan Barat on the west and Kalimantan Tengah and Kalimantan Selatan on the southwest. Kalimantan Timur cover...
  • kalimba (musical instrument)
    African musical instrument consisting of a set of tuned metal or bamboo tongues (lamellae) of varying length attached at one end to a soundboard that often has a box or calabash resonator. Board-mounted lamellaphones are often played inside gourds or bowls for increased resonance, and the timbre may be modified by attaching rattling devices to the board or resonator or by attaching metal cuffs at ...
  • Kálimnos (island, Greece)
    mountainous Greek island in the Aegean Sea, part of the Dodecanese group, 42 square miles (111 square km) in area. The capital, Kálimnos (Pothia), located at the head of an inlet in the southeast, is the chief port and a prominent Aegean commercial centre with the bulk of the island’s population. As in classical times, sponge fishing remains the chief industry, with the sponge fleet...
  • Kálimnos (Greece)
    mountainous Greek island in the Aegean Sea, part of the Dodecanese group, 42 square miles (111 square km) in area. The capital, Kálimnos (Pothia), located at the head of an inlet in the southeast, is the chief port and a prominent Aegean commercial centre with the bulk of the island’s population. As in classical times, sponge fishing remains the chief industry, with the sponge fleet...
  • Kālimpang (India)
    city, extreme northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just east of the Tīsta River. The city, a Himalayan hill station, is linked by road with Darjeeling, Silīguri, and Bāghdogra and is the terminus of the mule-trade route from Tibet. It has a large bazaar and conducts a brisk trade in raw wool. Kālimpong holds an annual agricultural produce and stock fair and ...
  • Kalimpong (India)
    city, extreme northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just east of the Tīsta River. The city, a Himalayan hill station, is linked by road with Darjeeling, Silīguri, and Bāghdogra and is the terminus of the mule-trade route from Tibet. It has a large bazaar and conducts a brisk trade in raw wool. Kālimpong holds an annual agricultural produce and stock fair and ...
  • Kalina (people)
    The circum-Caribbean area includes the zone along the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; some native peoples of this area include the Arawak, Palikur, Kalina, Waiwai, Patamona, and Wapishana. The little information available on their musics suggests that they differ in significant ways from other South American Indians. In particular, women from the......
  • Kaline, Al (American athlete)
    professional baseball player, an outfielder who was a preeminent fielder and hitter, batting and throwing right-handed....
  • Kaline, Albert William (American athlete)
    professional baseball player, an outfielder who was a preeminent fielder and hitter, batting and throwing right-handed....
  • Kalinga (ancient region, India)
    ancient territorial subdivision of east-central India, corresponding to northern Andhra Pradesh, most of Orissa, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh. Strictly, it stretched no farther south than the Godāvari River, thus excluding Veṅgi (the Andhra territory between that river and the Krishna). The hinterland of Kaliṅga led through mountainous and thickly forested country, inhabit...
  • Kalinin (Russia)
    city and administrative centre of Tver oblast (province), western Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the upper Volga and Tvertsa rivers....
  • Kalinin (oblast, Russia)
    oblast (province), western Russia. It occupies an area of 32,471 square miles (84,100 square km) and extends from the morainic Valdai Hills in the southwest, across the broad, swampy plain of the upper Volga River, to the shore of the huge Rybinsk Reservoir in the northeast. The Valdai Hills have scores of lakes and many areas of swamp. The chief cities in the oblast are Tver, the administ...
  • Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (Soviet statesman)
    communist leader and statesman who was the formal head of the Soviet state from 1919 until 1946....
  • Kalinina (street, Moscow, Russia)
    ...Ring itself has been widened to form a broad highway with multiple lanes in each direction and with overpasses where it is intersected by the main radial routes. In the 1960s a new radial street, Kalinina, was built through an area of older housing westward from the Kremlin to the Moscow River; it is lined by high-rise office and apartment buildings, linked at street and second-floor levels......
  • Kaliningrad (oblast, Russia)
    oblast (province), extreme western Russia. Most of the oblast is in the basin of the Pregolya River and its tributaries. Centred on Kaliningrad city, it was formed in 1945 from the northern half of German East Prussia, which was ceded to the U.S.S.R. by the Potsdam agreement of that year. Administratively, the oblast was made part of the Russian S.F.S.R., even though it was s...
  • Kaliningrad (Kaliningrad oblast, Russia)
    city, seaport, and administrative centre of Kaliningrad oblast (region), Russia. Detached from the rest of the country, the city is an exclave of the Russian federation. Kaliningrad lies on the Pregolya River just upstream from Frisches Lagoon. Formerly the capital of the dukes of Prussia and later the capital of East Prussia, the city was ceded to the Sovie...
  • Kaliningrad (Moscow oblast, Russia)
    city, Moscow oblast (province), Central federal district, western Russia. It lies just northeast of the city of Moscow. The area, known as Kalininsky, developed after 1928 as an industrial satellite, particularly for weapons manufacture, and dormitory town of the capital. It achieved city status and wa...
  • kaliophilite (mineral)
    variety of the mineral nepheline....
  • Kalir, Eleazar (Hebrew poet)
    ...various rites show considerable variety, principally owing to the adoption of different religious hymns (piyyutim) and liturgical compositions. Piyyutim composed by such celebrated medieval poets as Eleazar Kalir abound in the Ashkenazi mahzor but do not appear in Sephardic festive liturgies, which draw on the compositions of the great Spanish poets. Local ritual differences have given rise to....
  • Kalisch, Treaty of (1813, Prussia)
    ...invading army in Russia. During Napoleon’s disastrous retreat, he concluded the Tauroggen Convention with the Russians, neutralizing his force. The Prussian king Frederick William III signed the Treaty of Kalisch (Feb. 28, 1813), which justified Yorck’s action and brought Prussia into the Allied camp. In the subsequent campaigns, Yorck distinguished himself again and was created G...
  • Kalish, Sophie (American singer)
    American singer whose 62-year stage career included American burlesque, vaudeville, and nightclub and English music hall appearances....
  • Kalisky, René (Belgian author)
    Belgian writer of Polish descent who is best known for the plays he wrote in the last 12 years of his life....
  • Kalispel (people)
    ...the Shuswap, Lillooet, and Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes. The Interior Salish live mostly in the Upper Columbia area and include the Okanagan, Sinkaietk, Lake, Wenatchee, Sanpoil, Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”...
  • Kalispell (Montana, United States)
    city, seat (1894) of Flathead county, northwestern Montana, U.S. The city lies in the Flathead Valley near the head of Flathead Lake. It is the western gateway to Glacier National Park and headquarters of the Flathead National Forest. Named for the Kalispel Indians, a Salishan group, it was not seen by white men until 1809. The city was foun...
  • Kalisz (Poland)
    city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, situated on the Prosna River....
  • Kalisz Privilege (Poland [1264])
    ...however, began to play an important role in the country’s economy—namely, the Jews escaping persecution in the west. Bolesław V (the Chaste) of Great Poland granted to the Jews the Kalisz Privilege (1264), which provided personal freedom, some legal autonomy, and safeguards against forcible baptism....
  • Kalisz, Treaty of (Poland [1343])
    ...on the part of a state still much weaker than the Teutonic Knights, Bohemia, or Hungary. Between 1340 and the 1360s, however, Poland expanded by roughly one-third, acquiring a larger part of Halicz, or Red, Ruthenia (the future eastern Galicia), which Hungary and Lithuania also coveted. That acquisition marked an expansion beyond ethnic Polish territory. Casimir’s international prestige....
  • kalium (chemical element)
    chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, indispensable for both plant and animal life. Potassium was the first metal to be isolated by electrolysis, by the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy, when he obtained the element (1807) by decomposing molten potassium hydroxide (KOH) with a volt...
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