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  • Malcolm I (king of Scotland)
    king of the Picts and Scots (Alba)....
  • Malcolm II (king of Scotland)
    king of Scotland from 1005 to 1034, the first to reign over an extent of land roughly corresponding to much of modern Scotland....
  • Malcolm III Canmore (king of Scotland)
    king of Scotland from 1058 to 1093, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom....
  • Malcolm IV (king of Scotland)
    king of Scotland (1153–65). ...
  • Malcolm, Norman (American philosopher)
    ...literature about human actions, which in turn influenced views about the nature of psychology, of the social sciences, and of ethics. Another student of Wittgenstein, the American philosopher Norman Malcolm, has investigated concepts such as knowledge, certainty, memory, and dreaming. As these topics suggest, Wittgensteinians tended to concentrate on Wittgenstein’s ideas about the nature...
  • Malcolm the Maiden (king of Scotland)
    king of Scotland (1153–65). ...
  • Malcolm X (film by Lee)
    ...the 21st century, combining his acting pursuits with writing and civil rights campaigning. Davis made several films with Spike Lee, including Do the Right Thing (1989) and Malcolm X (1992), in which he reenacted the real-life eulogy he had given for the fallen civil rights leader. Davis also spoke at the funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr., in......
  • Malcolm X (American Muslim leader)
    African American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam, who articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. After his assassination, the widespread distribution of his life story—The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965)—made him an ideological hero, especially among black yout...
  • Malcolmpeth (India)
    resort town, southwestern Mahārāshtra state, western India. It lies about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Bombay and northwest of the town of Sātāra at an elevation of 4,718 feet (1,438 m), in the Sahyādri Hills of the Western Ghāts. The town commands an excellent view over the coastal Konkan Plain from the steep scarp slope of the hills. Recognized in anci...
  • Malcontent, The (work by Marston)
    ...and universal skepticism; his city comedy The Dutch Courtezan (1605), set in London, explores the pleasures and perils of libertinism. His tragicomedy The Malcontent (1604) is remarkable for its wild language and sexual and political disgust; Marston cuts the audience adrift from the moorings of reason by a dizzying interplay of parody and......
  • Malcontenta (house, Mira, Italy)
    ...Cornaro (c. 1560–65) at Piombino Dese and the Villa Pisani (c. 1553–55) at Montagnana, the portico is two-storied, with principal rooms on two floors. Normally (as at the Villa Foscari at Mira, called Malcontenta [1560]; the Villa Emo at Fanzolo [late 1550s]; and the Villa Badoer), the porch covers one major story and the attic, the entire structure being raised on a...
  • malcontenti, I (work by Goldoni)
    Already engaged in rivalry with the playwright Pietro Chiari, whom he satirized in I malcontenti (performed 1755; “The Malcontent”), Goldoni was assailed by Carlo Gozzi, an adherent of the commedia dell’arte, who denounced Goldoni in a satirical poem (1757), then ridiculed both Goldoni and Chiari in a commedia dell’arte classic, L’amore delle tre melara...
  • Malczewski, Antoni (Polish poet)
    one of the first Polish Romantic poets. His single, superb poem gave him a lasting reputation in Polish literature....
  • Malda (India)
    town, north-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the confluence of the Mahānanda and Kālindri rivers and is part of the English Bāzār urban agglomeration. The town rose to prominence as the river port of the Hindu capital of Pandua. During the 18th century it was the seat of prosperous cotton and silk industries. It remains an important di...
  • Maldah (India)
    town, north-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the confluence of the Mahānanda and Kālindri rivers and is part of the English Bāzār urban agglomeration. The town rose to prominence as the river port of the Hindu capital of Pandua. During the 18th century it was the seat of prosperous cotton and silk industries. It remains an important di...
  • Maldane (polychaete genus)
    ...without setae; parapodia biramous; setae all simple; size, 1 to 20 or more cm; examples of genera: Capitella, Notomastus, Arenicola, Maldane, Axiothella.Order FlabelligeridaSedentary; setae of anterior segments directed forward to form a cepha...
  • Malden (Massachusetts, United States)
    city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. A northern suburb of Boston, it lies along the Malden River, a branch of the Mystic River. Settled in 1640, it became a part of Charlestown and was known as the Mystic Side. In 1649 it was incorporated as a town and named for Malden (now part of Kingston upon Thames, London), England. The c...
  • Malden, Arthur Capel, 1st earl of Essex, Viscount (English statesman)
    English statesman, a member of the “Triumvirate” that dominated policy at the time of the Popish Plot (1678)....
  • Malden Island (atoll, Kiribati)
    coral atoll in the Central and Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is situated 1,700 miles (2,700 km) south of Hawaii. A level formation with a land area of 11 square miles (28 square km) and a large lagoon, it has temple platforms and graves that indicate several generations of habitati...
  • Malden, Karl (American actor)
    Other Nominees...
  • Maldeo, Rāo (Indian ruler)
    ...consisted of the present district of Jodhpur as well as Nāgaur, Pāli, Jālor, and Barmer districts. It was founded c. 1212, reached the zenith of its power under the ruler Rāo Maldeo (1532–69), and gave allegiance to the Mughals after the invasion of the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1561. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb invaded and plundered Mārwār...
  • Maldere, Pierre van (Belgian composer)
    ...of Mozart’s and Haydn’s mature ones, on later generations that they utterly obscure the productions of many other worthy symphonists. François Joseph Gossec, an early French symphonist, and Pierre van Maldere came to grips successfully with the dominating German–Italian idiom and were important among the Parisians influenced by Stamitz and his school. Van Maldere was...
  • Maldive Islands
    independent island nation consisting of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls, in the north-central Indian Ocean. The islands extend more than 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles (130 km) from east to west. The northernmost atoll is about 370 miles (600 km) south-southwest of the...
  • Maldives
    independent island nation consisting of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls, in the north-central Indian Ocean. The islands extend more than 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles (130 km) from east to west. The northernmost atoll is about 370 miles (600 km) south-southwest of the...
  • Maldives, flag of the
    ...
  • Maldives, Republic of
    independent island nation consisting of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls, in the north-central Indian Ocean. The islands extend more than 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles (130 km) from east to west. The northernmost atoll is about 370 miles (600 km) south-southwest of the...
  • Maldivian language
    The Maldivians are a mixed people, speaking an Indo-European language called Divehi (the official language); Arabic, Hindi, and English are also spoken. Islam is the state religion. The first settlers, it is generally believed, were Dravidian and Sinhalese peoples from southern India and Sri Lanka. Traders from Arab countries, Malaya, Madagascar, Indonesia, and China visited the islands through......
  • Maldon (district, England, United Kingdom)
    town and district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. The town site, on the south side of the Blackwater estuary, was occupied in prehistoric times, and a burgh was established there by the Saxons. A battle, commemorated in an Old English poem, was fought between the English and the victorious Danes in the area in 991. Maldon remained a royal town, and Henry II granted its......
  • Maldon (England, United Kingdom)
    town and district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. The town site, on the south side of the Blackwater estuary, was occupied in prehistoric times, and a burgh was established there by the Saxons. A battle, commemorated in an Old English poem, was fought between the English and the victorious Danes in the area in 991. Maldon remained a royal town, and Henry I...
  • Maldon, Battle of (English history [991])
    town and district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. The town site, on the south side of the Blackwater estuary, was occupied in prehistoric times, and a burgh was established there by the Saxons. A battle, commemorated in an Old English poem, was fought between the English and the victorious Danes in the area in 991. Maldon remained a royal town, and Henry I...
  • Maldonado (Uruguay)
    town, southeastern Uruguay. It lies near the Atlantic coast, 67 miles (107 km) east of Montevideo, and just northwest of the resort city of Punta del Este. Founded in 1757, it was sacked by British forces in 1806, but many colonial buildings and ruins of Spanish fortifications remain. Especially noteworthy are the watchtower (El Vigía), fortifications on Gorriti Island (a...
  • male (sex)
    In contrast to the several varieties of muscular dystrophy that are relatively benign, the Duchenne type, which predominately affects boys, is severe. It causes difficulty in walking at about the age of four years, loss of the ability to walk at about the age of 11, and death before the age of 20, usually because of respiratory failure or pulmonary infections. There is a paradoxical increase in......
  • Male (island, Maldives)
    island and atoll, capital of the Maldives, Indian Ocean. It lies on Male Atoll, about 400 miles (645 km) southwest of Sri Lanka. As the seat of government for the Maldivians, it has central courts, a government hospital, public and private schools with instruction in English, and a vocational-training school focused on engineering. It is a trade and tourist ce...
  • Male’ (island, Maldives)
    island and atoll, capital of the Maldives, Indian Ocean. It lies on Male Atoll, about 400 miles (645 km) southwest of Sri Lanka. As the seat of government for the Maldivians, it has central courts, a government hospital, public and private schools with instruction in English, and a vocational-training school focused on engineering. It is a trade and tourist ce...
  • Malé Declaration on Sustainable Tourism (international agreement)
    ...adopted a charter that encouraged the development of laws that would promote the dual goals of economic development through tourism and protection of the environment. Two years later, in the Malé Declaration on Sustainable Tourism, 27 Asian-Pacific countries pledged themselves to a set of principles that included fostering awareness of environmental ethics in tourism, reducing......
  • male infertility (medical disorder)
    the inability of a couple to conceive and reproduce. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without contraception or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. Infertility can affect either the male or the female and can result from a number of causes. About 1 in every 10 couples is infertile, or somewhere betw...
  • Mâle, Lodewijk van (count of Flanders)
    count of Flanders, Nevers, and Réthel (1346–84), who, by marrying his daughter Margaret to the Burgundian duke Philip the Bold (1369), prepared the way for the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy....
  • Mâle, Louis de (count of Flanders)
    count of Flanders, Nevers, and Réthel (1346–84), who, by marrying his daughter Margaret to the Burgundian duke Philip the Bold (1369), prepared the way for the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy....
  • Male of the Species (play by Owen)
    ...His television plays, numbering more than 50, sometimes concentrated on the seamier aspects of city life, as in No Trams to Lime Street (1959). His quartet of plays, televised as Male of the Species (1969), with Laurence Olivier, Paul Scofield, Sean Connery, and Michael Caine, was immensely successful and was produced for the stage in 1974. But, although the play set out......
  • male oscuro, Il (work by Berto)
    ...suo [1966; “To Each His Own”; Eng. trans. A Man’s Blessing]). After a Neorealistic phase, Giuseppe Berto plunged into the world of psychological introspection (Il male oscuro [1964; “The Dark Sickness”] and La cosa buffa [1966; “The Funny Thing”; Eng. trans. Antonio in Love]). Natal...
  • male pattern baldness (dermatology)
    ...can be distinguished: permanent hair loss arising from the destruction of hair follicles, and temporary hair loss arising from transitory damage to the follicles. The first category is dominated by male pattern baldness, which occurs to some degree in as much as 40 percent of some male populations. The hair loss in male pattern baldness progresses gradually, beginning with a characteristic......
  • Mâle Règle, La (poem by Hoccleve)
    ...for about 35 years. His earliest dated poem, a translation of Christine de Pisan’s L’Épistre au dieu d’amours, appeared in 1402 as “The Letter of Cupid.” His poem La Mâle Règle (1406; “The Male Regimen”) presents a vivid picture of the delights of a bachelor’s evening amusements in the taverns and cooksho...
  • male reproductive system
    ...for about 35 years. His earliest dated poem, a translation of Christine de Pisan’s L’Épistre au dieu d’amours, appeared in 1402 as “The Letter of Cupid.” His poem La Mâle Règle (1406; “The Male Regimen”) presents a vivid picture of the delights of a bachelor’s evening amusements in the taverns and cooksho...
  • Male Saint-Martin (Belgian history)
    ...for power between the guilds and the nobles. The nobles failed in a sudden attack, and their armed party was burned to death by the populace in the church of Saint-Martin in 1312, an event known as Male Saint-Martin. Political equality was granted to the labourers and to most of the trade guilds in 1313....
  • Mâle, Un (work by Lemonnier)
    Lemonnier wrote his first outstanding novel, Un Mâle (1881; “A Male”), under the influence of the naturalism of Émile Zola. Like his other novels, it is a work of great violence, describing characters of unbridled instincts and passions. Happe-Chair (1886), composed before but published after Zola’s Germinal, deals with the life of drudgery l...
  • Malebo Pool (lake, Africa)
    lakelike expansion of the lower Congo River above Livingstone Falls, between the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) to the west and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) to the east. It covers an area of 174 square miles (450 square km) and is divided into deep navigable channels by Bamu Island (70 square miles [181 square km]) in its centre. Its maximum depth is 52 f...
  • Malebranche, Nicolas (French priest)
    French Roman Catholic priest, theologian, and major philosopher of Cartesianism, the school of philosophy arising from the work of René Descartes. His philosophy sought to synthesize Cartesianism with the thought of St. Augustine and with Neoplatonism....
  • Malecite (people)
    North American Indians of the Algonquian language family who occupied the Saint John valley in what is now New Brunswick, Can., and the northeastern corner of what is now the U.S. state of Maine. Their language was closely related to that of the Passamaquoddy, and they were members of the Abenaki Confederacy, a group of Algonquian-speaking t...
  • Malecula (island, Vanuatu)
    volcanic island, second largest island (781 square miles [2,023 square km]) of Vanuatu, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is 58 miles (94 km) long by 27 miles (44 km) wide and lies about 20 miles (32 km) south of Espiritu Santo, across the Bougainville (Malo) Strait. Its central mountain range rises to 2,884 feet (879 metres) at P...
  • “maleficio de la mariposa, El” (work by García Lorca)
    The Spanish stage director Gregorio Martínez Sierra premiered Lorca’s first full-length play, El maleficio de la mariposa (The Butterfly’s Evil Spell in Five Plays: Comedies and Tragi-Comedies, 1970), a symbolist work about a lovesick cockroach, in Madrid in 1920. Critics and audiences ridiculed the drama, and it c...
  • maleficium (sorcery)
    ...Western perception of witchcraft and associate it with heresy and the Devil. By the 14th century, fear of heresy and of Satan had added charges of diabolism to the usual indictment of witches, maleficium (malevolent sorcery). It was this combination of sorcery and its association with the Devil that made Western witchcraft unique. From the 14th through the 18th century, witches were......
  • Malegaon (India)
    town, northwestern Mahārāshtra state, western India, on the Girna River, part of the Nāsik urban agglomeration, on the Bombay–Āgra highway. An important market for agricultural produce, it was an early centre of the handloom industry. It has rapidly industrialized and recorded remarkable growth since the 1940s. Cotton and silk goods are exported to Bombay, Pune ...
  • Mālegitti Śivālaya (temple, Bādāmi, India)
    ...Durgā temple (c. 7th century) at Aihole is apsidal in plan, echoing early architectural traditions; the northern latina śikhara is in all probability a later addition. The Mālegitti Śivālaya temple at Bāẖāmi (early 8th century), consisting of a sanctum, a hall with a parapet of śālās and......
  • maleic acid (chemical compound)
    unsaturated organic dibasic acid, used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles, and in the manufacture of fumaric acid and many other chemical products. Maleic acid and its anhydride are prepared industrially by the catalytic oxidation of benzene....
  • maleic anhydride (chemical compound)
    ...does). Only maleic acid forms an anhydride; fumaric acid does not. Fumaric acid occurs in nature and is a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas maleic acid is not a natural product. Maleic anhydride, which is made industrially by oxidation of benzene (C6H6), is often used as a dienophile (isolated alkene component) in Diels-Alder reactions....
  • maleic hydrazide (chemical compound)
    The pyridazine derivative maleic hydrazide is a herbicide, and some pyrazines occur naturally—the antibiotic aspergillic acid, for example. The structures of the aforementioned compounds are:...
  • Malel (historical kingdom, Africa)
    ...time, but the Muslim sources record little of them beyond their names and approximate locations. Thus between Ghana and Kanem was Kawkaw, perhaps the nucleus of the later Songhai kingdom of Gao. Malel, to the south of Ghana, may similarly have been a prototype of the later Mande kingdom of Mali, which ultimately was to eclipse and absorb Ghana itself....
  • Malemba (Africa)
    Kakongo was part of the kingdom of Kongo’s domain in the early 16th century, though it was not under Kongo’s direct authority. Kakongo’s principal port, Malemba, became a major centre for the export slave trade in the early 1700s—especially for English, Dutch, and French merchants—and port facilities were expanded from that time to handle increasing numbers of sh...
  • Malemort (novel by Glissant)
    ...of slavery in Martinique and the rise of a generation of young West Indians, trained in European universities, who would reclaim their land. The narrative structure of his novel Malemort (1975) interweaves the colonial history of Martinique with an examination of contemporary experience, a technique he used again in La case du commandeur (1981; “The....
  • “Malenkiye deti” (work by Chukovsky)
    ...doctrine (with a utopian slant) and quite standard Western humanistic ideas. It is in Korney Chukovsky’s remarkable book Malenkiye deti (1925) or Ot dvukh do pyati (Eng. trans., From Two to Five, 1963), however, that the opposition of two familiar forces, entertainment and instruction, can be sensed most clearly. The tension is typically expressed in Chukovsky...
  • Malenkov, Georgy Maksimilianovich (prime minister of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
    prominent Soviet statesman and Communist Party official, a close collaborator of Joseph Stalin, and the prime minister (March 1953–February 1955) after Stalin’s death....
  • “Malentendu, Le” (play by Camus)
    ...plays to working-class audiences. He maintained a deep love of the theatre until his death. Ironically, his plays are the least-admired part of his literary output, although Le Malentendu (Cross Purpose) and Caligula, first produced in 1944 and 1945, respectively, remain landmarks in the Theatre of the Absurd. Two of his most enduring contributions to the theatre may well b...
  • Māler Kotla (India)
    Following a particularly bloody incident, armed bands of Sikhs attacked Māler Kotla, a Muslim community, and a large number of the attackers were captured by the British. The British, sensing that this was no mere bandit raid but the start of a revolt in the Punjab, dealt with the Kūkās in a barbarous way: the prisoners were bound over the mouths of cannons and blown to bits....
  • Maler Nolten (work by Mörike)
    Mörike’s small output is characterized by its variety. Everything he wrote has its own distinctive flavour, but in his early days romantic influences preponderate. His novel, Maler Nolten (1832), in addition to its stylistic perfection and psychological insight into mental unbalance, explores the realm of the subconscious and the mysterious forces linking the main character an...
  • Malerba, Luigi (Italian poet)
    ...alludes ironically, not to say derisively, to the Italian national anthem), first published in 1963, had a second, amplified edition in 1976 and a third, running to 1,371 pages, in 1993; and Luigi Malerba, an original and linguistically inventive writer with a taste for satire, whose first work of fiction, the witty and paradoxical La scoperta dell’alfabeto (1963; “Th...
  • Malermi, Niccolò (Italian translator)
    The first printed Italian Bible appeared in Venice in 1471, translated from the Latin Vulgate by Niccolò Malermi. In 1559 Paul IV proscribed all printing and reading of the vernacular Scriptures except by permission of the church. This move, reaffirmed by Pius IV in 1564, effectively stopped further Catholic translation work for the next 200 years....
  • Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de (French lawyer)
    lawyer and royal administrator who attempted, with limited success, to introduce reforms into France’s autocratic regime during the reigns of Kings Louis XV (ruled 1715–74) and Louis XVI (ruled 1774–92)....
  • Malesherbiaceae (plant family)
    Malesherbiaceae contains only Malesherbia (24 species), a genus of herbs and shrubs from often dry regions of western subtropical South America. Members of Malesherbiaceae are fetid and often densely glandular hairy plants with distinctive flowers. The calyx and corolla tube is persistent in fruit. The stamens and ovary are borne on top of a short stalk or androgynophore....
  • Malesian subkingdom (biogeography)
    This subkingdom encompasses the islands of Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, extending as far east as the mainland of New Guinea (Figure 3). Although it had sometimes been included with India in an Indo-Malayan region, the flora of what C.G.G.J. van Steenis (1950) called Malesia forms a tight-knit unity that can be subdivided into three divisions: a western area covering the Malay......
  • Malet, Claude-François de (French general)
    French general who conspired against Napoleon and attempted an almost successful coup d’état on October 22–23, 1812....
  • Maléter, Pál (Hungarian military official)
    ...by other units. On November 4 the Soviet forces entered Budapest and began liquidating the revolution. Nagy took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy and Cardinal Mindszenty in the U.S. legation. Gen. Pál Maléter, the Nagy government’s minister of defense, who had been invited by the Soviet commanders to negotiate, was taken captive and eventually executed....
  • Maleventum (Italy)
    city and archiepiscopal see, Campania regione, southern Italy. The city lies on a ridge between the Calore and Sabato rivers, northeast of Naples. It originated as Malies, a town of the Oscans, or Samnites; later known as Maleventum, or Malventum, it was renamed Beneventum by the Romans. It became an important town on the Appian Way and was a base for Roman expansion in s...
  • Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich (Russian painter)
    Russian painter, who was the founder of the Suprematist school of abstract painting....
  • malformation (biology)
    in biology, irregular or abnormal structural development. Malformations occur in both plants and animals and have a number of causes....
  • Malhār Rāo Holkar (Indian ruler)
    The dynasty’s founder, Malhār Rāo Holkar, rose from peasant origins by his own ability. In 1724 Bājī Rāo I, the peshwa (prime minister) of the Marāṭhā state, gave him command of 500 horses, and he soon became the peshwa’s chief general in Mālwa, with headquarters at Maheshwar and Indore. At his death (1766) he was the vir...
  • Malherbe, Daniel François (South African writer)
    South African novelist, poet, and dramatist whose work helped establish Afrikaans as the cultural language of South Africa. He published many volumes of poetry and drama but is known primarily as a novelist for such works as Vergeet nil (1913; “Don’t Forget”), an extremely popular novel about the South African (Boer) War; Die Meulenaar (1936; ...
  • Malherbe, François de (French poet)
    French poet who described himself as un excellent arrangeur de syllabes and theoretician whose insistence upon strict form, restraint, and purity of diction prepared the way for French Classicism....
  • Malheur River (river, Oregon, United States)
    river rising in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness on the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains in the Malheur National Forest, Oregon, U.S. It flows southeast, north, and northeast to join the Snake River at Ontario on the Idaho state line, after a course of 165 miles (266 km). Warm Springs Reservoir, impounded by Warm Springs Dam (1919), i...
  • Malheur-Owyhee Upland (region, Oregon, United States)
    The Malheur–Owyhee Upland of southeastern Oregon is generally a high, warped plateau. It contains older lava and has been more eroded than the High Lava Plains. The major drainage system, the Owyhee River, has incised several notable canyons in an area locally called the Rimrock Country. Along the Snake River in the east central portion of the state there is highly productive irrigation......
  • Mali
    landlocked country of western Africa, mostly in the Saharan and Sahelian regions. Mali is largely flat and arid. The Niger River flows through its interior, functioning as the main trading and transport artery in the country. Sections of the river flood periodically, providing much-needed fertile agricultural soil along its banks as well as ...
  • Mali (Guinea)
    town, northern Guinea. Located on the Fouta Djallon plateau at an elevation of about 4,600 feet (1,400 m), it is the chief trading centre for the cattle, rice, millet, oranges, and peanuts (groundnuts) produced in the surrounding area. A hydroelectric plant (18 miles [29 km] south-southwest) on the Tantou River, a tributary of the Koumba, serves both the town and a cement factor...
  • Mali (historical empire, Africa)
    trading empire that flourished in West Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the Upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before ad 1000. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen in the gold trade during the later period of ancient Ghana. Their dislike of ...
  • Mali (people)
    group of peoples of western Africa, whose various Mande languages form a branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Mande are located primarily on the savanna plateau of the western Sudan, although small groups of Mande origin, whose members no longer exhibit Mande cultural traits, are found scattered elsewhere, as in the tropical rain forests of Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Côte d...
  • MALI (museum, Lima, Peru)
    art museum in Lima, Peru, that features the art of Peru from the ancient to the contemporary....
  • Mali empire (historical empire, Africa)
    trading empire that flourished in West Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the Upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before ad 1000. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen in the gold trade during the later period of ancient Ghana. Their dislike of ...
  • Mali Federation (African history)
    short-lived union between the autonomous territories of the Sudanese Republic and Senegal in West Africa. The federation took effect on April 4, 1959, achieved complete independence on June 20, 1960 (remaining within the French Community), and was dissolved by Senegal’s secession on Aug. 20, 1960. Thereafter both countries became independent republics, Senegal continuing...
  • Mali, flag of
    ...
  • Mali, history of
    landlocked country of western Africa, mostly in the Saharan and Sahelian regions. Mali is largely flat and arid. The Niger River flows through its interior, functioning as the main trading and transport artery in the country. Sections of the river flood periodically, providing much-needed fertile agricultural soil along its banks as well as ...
  • Mali Hka (river, Myanmar)
    river, rising in the hills near the northern border of Myanmar (Burma) and flowing about 200 miles (320 km) south to unite with the Nmai River and form the Irrawaddy River. The Mali River is partially navigable....
  • Mali River (river, Myanmar)
    river, rising in the hills near the northern border of Myanmar (Burma) and flowing about 200 miles (320 km) south to unite with the Nmai River and form the Irrawaddy River. The Mali River is partially navigable....
  • Malian National Folk Lore Troupe (African dance troupe)
    ...but lost the social purpose that had infused them with dramatic vitality. The masks are now decorated with commercial paints and the dancers concerned with commercial reward. As members of the Malian National Folk Lore Troupe, they gain prestige as ambassadors for their country at international festivals. Radical changes continue as dancers travel to work in urban centres, where Western......
  • Malian People’s Democratic Union (political party, Mali)
    ...of it were not fully implemented. It was suspended after a military government took power in 1968, and a new constitution, approved in a national referendum in 1974 and enacted in 1979, made the Malian People’s Democratic Union (Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien; UDPM) the country’s sole legal party until 1991. In 1992 a third constitution was approved, providing for the ...
  • Malibamatso River (river, South Africa)
    ...recognized as the Sinqu (Senqu) River, which rises near the plateau’s eastern edge. The Seati (Khubedu) headwater rises near Mont-aux-Sources to the north. Still farther north is the lesser-known Malibamatso headwater, one site of the Lesotho Highland Project. The Lesotho headwaters flow over the turf soil that covers Drakensberg lava and cut through the lava to expose underlying sedimen...
  • Malibran, Maria (Spanish opera singer)
    Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility....
  • Malibran, María García de (Spanish opera singer)
    Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility....
  • Malibú (people)
    Indian people of what are now the northern Colombia lowlands who became extinct under Spanish rule. Culturally the Mompox were similar to their neighbours, such as the Cenú; all such groups spoke languages of the Cariban family, but the Mompox language was not closely related to the languages of its neighbours. ...
  • malibu (surfboard)
    ...New materials such as balsa wood, fibreglass, and polyurethane further revolutionized board design and manufacture in the 1940s, producing still more maneuverable wave-riding craft. Called “malibus,” for the California beach on which they were introduced, and weighing a mere 20 pounds (9 kg), these boards allowed surfers to “trim” (adjust their position and weight on...
  • Malibu (California, United States)
    city and beach community in Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. With 21 miles (34 km) of coastline, Malibu lies along the Pacific Coast Highway just west-northwest of Santa Monica. The region, originally inhabited by Chumash Indians, was visited in 1542 by the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who anchored in the lag...
  • malic acid (chemical compound)
    Malic acid is found in many fruits, including apples; tartaric acid occurs in grapes; and citric acid is present in lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits. The monopotassium salt of tartaric acid, commonly called cream of tartar, is obtained from wine casks, where it crystallizes as a hard......
  • malic enzyme (enzyme)
    Another reaction that can yield an intermediate of carbohydrate catabolism is catalyzed by the so-called malic enzyme; in this reaction, malate is decarboxylated to pyruvate, with concomitant reduction of NADP+ [55]. The primary role of malic enzyme, however, may be to generate reduced NADP+ for biosynthesis rather than to form an intermediate of carbohydrate catabolism....
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