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  • National Democratic Union (political party, Brazil)
    ...vice presidential elections of 1960 were hotly contested. Jânio Quadros, a maverick politician who had governed São Paulo successfully, won the presidential contest at the head of the National Democratic Union (União Democrática Nacional; UDN), the largest conservative party. João Goulart, the vice president under Kubitschek and a member of Vargas’s PTB...
  • National Democrats (political party, Poland)
    ...Poles passively acquiesced in their defeat, while clinging to their language and national consciousness, but in the 1890s two strong, though of course illegal, political parties appeared—the National Democrats and the Polish Socialist Party, both fundamentally anti-Russian....
  • National Dental Association (American organization)
    ...dental society, which is subdivided into local societies. Membership in the local society automatically confers membership in the state society and the American Dental Association. In addition, the National Dental Association exists to represent ethnic minorities in dentistry in the United States. The National Dental Association was formed in 1932 by African American dentists, who were......
  • National Diamond Enterprise of Angola (Angolan company)
    ...kimberlite pipe formations that may be mined. Before independence, Angola was the fourth largest diamond exporter in the world in terms of value, but since that time output has fluctuated. The National Diamond Enterprise of Angola, a parastatal company, is responsible for approving diamond concessions, and it also licenses buyers. In 1992–94 most Angolan diamonds on the market were......
  • National Diamond Mining Company (Sierra Leonean company)
    ...a large segment of the population and provides a significant contribution to the national economy. Diamonds are mined by a few private companies and by vast numbers of private prospectors. The National Diamond Mining Company (Diminco) also mined diamonds until 1995. Mining methods range from mechanical grab lines with washing and separator plants to crude hand digging and panning. Many......
  • National Diet Library (library, Tokyo, Japan)
    the national library of Japan, formed at Tokyo in 1948 and combining the libraries of the upper and lower houses of the Diet (national legislature) with the collections of the former Imperial Library (established 1872). The library’s building opened in 1961, adjacent to the National Diet Building. It is organized on the system of the U.S. Library of Congress, serving legislators and the nat...
  • National Digital Library Program (United States government program)
    In 1994 the Library of Congress launched the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), making freely available on the Internet high-quality electronic versions of American historical material from the library’s special collections. By the end of the library’s bicentennial year in 2000, more than five million items (manuscripts, films, sound recordings, and photographs) had been mounte...
  • National Duck Pin Bowling Congress (American organization)
    Duckpins is most popular in the United States, where it is governed by the National Duck Pin Bowling Congress (founded Sept. 8, 1927). The game was introduced in 1900 at a bowling alley owned by professional baseball players Wilbert Robinson and John J. McGraw....
  • National Economic Development Council (British government agency)
    The French example also influenced planning in other European countries. In Great Britain a Conservative government undertook, during a balance of payments crisis in July 1961, to set up a National Economic Development Council to draft a five-year economic plan that would emphasize much more rapid economic growth. The Netherlands, which had been very successful since the war in achieving......
  • national economy
    Very little is known of the origin of the second of the great systems of social coordination—namely, the creation of a central apparatus of command and rulership. From ancient clusters of population, impressive civilizations emerged in Egypt, China, and India during the 3rd millennium bc, bringing with them not only dazzling advances in culture but also the potent instrument o...
  • National Education Association (American organization)
    American voluntary association of teachers, administrators, and other educators associated with elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities. It is the world’s largest professional organization. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C....
  • National Electrical Energy Fund (Italian corporation)
    ...four of the main state-controlled holding companies were converted into public limited corporations. The four were the IRI, the National Hydrocarbons Agency (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi; ENI), the National Electrical Energy Fund (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica; ENEL), and the State Insurance Fund (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni; INA). Other principal agencies include the.....
  • National Endowment for the Arts (United States organization)
    an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports the creation, dissemination, and performance of the arts. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. Literature, music, theatre, film, dance, fine arts, sculpture, and crafts projects are among those funded by the NEA....
  • National Endowment for the Humanities (United States agency)
    an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. The legislation defined “humanities” broadly to include the study of archaeology, language, linguistics, history, philosophy, ethics, comparative ...
  • National Energy Program (Canadian politics)
    ...made worse by Ottawa’s failure to control its spending and its miscalculation in anticipating that future increases in energy prices would help pay its bills. That expectation was the basis of the National Energy Program (NEP), introduced in the fall of 1980, which was designed to speed up the “Canadianization” of the energy industry and vastly increase Ottawa’s shar...
  • National Environmental Policy Act (United States [1969])
    The United States National Environmental Policy Act (1969) requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement for any “major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.” The statement must analyze the environmental impact of the proposed action and consider a range of alternatives, including a so-called “no-action alternative....
  • National Equal Rights League (American organization)
    ...Oberlin College in 1849. He quickly became a leader among free blacks and was elected to local offices in Brownhelm Township, Ohio (1855), and Oberlin (1865–67). In 1864 he helped organize the National Equal Rights League, of which he was the first president....
  • National Equitable Labour Exchange (British history)
    ...himself regarded as their leader. In the unions Owenism stimulated the formation of self-governing workshops. The need for a market for the products of such shops led in 1832 to the formation of the National Equitable Labour Exchange, which applied the principle that labour is the source of all wealth....
  • National Era, The (American newspaper)
    In January 1847 Bailey became editor of The National Era, established in Washington, D.C., by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. With its considerable circulation, this paper exerted a strong political and moral influence. Among its contributors were Nathaniel Hawthorne, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Theodore Parker; in its pages Harriet Beecher Stowe...
  • National Executive Committee (British Labour Party organization)
    ...and a number of individuals attend in ex officio capacity—including members of Parliament and parliamentary candidates. One of the principal functions of the annual conference is to elect the National Executive Committee (NEC), which oversees the party’s day-to-day affairs. Twelve members of the NEC are elected by trade union delegates, seven by CLPs, five by women delegates, one ...
  • National Expressway (highway, Germany)
    The Bundesautobahn (National Expressway) in Berlin is part of a national superhighway network inaugurated before World War II. The system is linked with the Berliner Ring, a circle of autobahns around the city with Berlin in the centre of access spokes. Even before 1990, both Germanys had cooperated in maintaining road and rail traffic to and from Berlin. A new autobahn connecting Berlin with......
  • National Falange (political party, Chile)
    ...9 percent in 1957 to 15 percent in 1961. The Christian Democratic Party grew out of the Conservative Party. In 1938 a group of young conservatives had left their party to form the National Falange (Falange Nacional). In 1957 the National Falange fused with the Social Christian Party (which had also seceded from the Conservatives) to form the Christian Democratic Party, whose......
  • National Farm Workers Association (American labour union)
    organizer of migrant American farmworkers and founder of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962....
  • National Farmers’ Bank (bank, Owatonna, Minnesota, United States)
    Particularly noteworthy projects undertaken in his last years were seven banks in a number of small Midwestern towns, beginning with the National Farmers’ (now Security) Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota. Sullivan’s work habits had become erratic, and it is known that this particular design is primarily the work of Elmslie. It has a simple cube form pierced on two sides by large arched win...
  • National Fascist Party (political party, Italy)
    Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Party of Italy was named for the fasces, which the members adopted in 1919 as their emblem. The Winged Liberty dime, minted in the United States from 1916 to 1945, depicts the fasces on its obverse side....
  • National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs (American organization)
    Phillips organized a convention in St. Louis, Missouri, in July 1919 at which was formed the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs, and from then until 1923 she was executive secretary of the federation. While traveling widely to foster the establishment of local clubs, she helped found the federation’s journal, Independent Woman, in 1920. In 1923, aft...
  • National Federation of Fundamentalists (American religious organization)
    Discord among northern Baptists was focused at their annual conventions. In 1920 a group of Baptists calling themselves the National Federation of Fundamentalists began holding annual preconvention conferences on Baptist fundamentals. When their attempts to carry their views into the convention failed to make immediate progress, the more militant among them founded the Baptist Bible Union.......
  • National Federation of Industrial Organizations (Japanese labour organization)
    ...after the war: the left-wing and highly political General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sōhyō), the more moderate and less political Japan Confederation of Labour (Dōmei), the National Federation of Industrial Organizations (Shinsambetsu), and the Federation of Independent Unions (Chūritsu Rōren). Sōhyō was the largest of the four, and D...
  • National Federation of State High School Associations (United States organization)
    ...and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation of State High School Associations likewise assumed the task of establishing separate playing rules for the high schools. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ...
  • National Federation Party (political party, Fiji)
    In 1987, however, the Indian-dominated National Federation Party joined in coalition with the new Labour Party (led by a Fijian, Timoci Bavadra), which had strong support from Fijian and Indian trade unionists. The coalition was successful in elections held in April. The new government, which had a majority of Indian members in the legislature, was greeted with widespread Fijian protest. After......
  • National Field Archery Association (American organization)
    ...England, a popular upper- and middle-class recreation. In the 1870s many archery clubs sprang up, and in 1879 eight of them formed the National Archery Association of the United States. In 1939 the National Field Archery Association of the United States was established to promote hunting, roving, and field archery. The number of archers around the world increased phenomenally after 1930, led by...
  • National Film Board of Canada
    The National Film Board of Canada was established by the federal government in 1939 to produce films, filmstrips, and still photographs that reflect the life and thought of Canada and to distribute them both domestically and abroad. It has earned international acclaim for the imaginativeness as well as the artistic and technical excellence of its work, winning both awards from film festivals......
  • National Flag Day (United States holiday)
    in the United States, a day honouring the national flag, observed on June 14. The holiday commemorates the date in 1777 when the United States approved the design for its first national flag....
  • National Football League (American sports organization)
    major U.S. professional gridiron football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. Its first president was Jim Thorpe, an outstanding American athlete who was also a player in the league. The present name was adopted in 1922....
  • National Football League Hall of Fame (museum, Canton, Ohio, United States)
    ...Association (later the National Football League) was formed in Canton in 1920 with Jim Thorpe of the Canton Bulldogs as its first president. To honour the city’s role in organizing the sport, the Pro Football Hall of Fame was established there in 1963....
  • national forest
    in the United States, any of numerous forest areas set aside under federal supervision for the purposes of conserving water, timber, wildlife, fish, and other renewable resources and providing recreational areas for the public. The national forests are administered by the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture. They numbered 156 by the 21st century and occupy a total ar...
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act (United States [1965])
    an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. The legislation defined “humanities” broadly to include the study of archaeology, language, linguistics, history, philosophy, ethics, comparative....
  • National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame (museum, Hayward, Wisconsin, United States)
    ...the community’s logging history through competitive events such as chopping and log rolling, and the American Birkebeiner cross-country ski race (February), in which thousands of skiers compete. The National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame, which maintains records of the largest freshwater fish caught in the world, exhibits hundreds of fishing artifacts as well as a four-and-a-half-stor...
  • National Front (political party, India)
    Soon afterward, Singh resigned from the government altogether and left Gandhi’s Congress (I) Party. He soon assembled a nationwide coalition of centrist opposition parties called the National Front, which contested the general elections of December 1989. After that election, Singh as the leader of the National Front was able to form a coalition government in alliance with two other major......
  • National Front (political party, Colombia)
    The arrangement for the National Front government—a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals—was made by Alberto Lleras Camargo, representing the Liberals, and Laureano Gómez, leader of the Conservative Party, in the Declaration of Sitges (1957). The unique agreement provided for alternation of Conservatives and Liberals in the presidency, an equal......
  • National Front (political coalition, Malaysia)
    ...generally is based on ethnicity, although this tendency has diminished somewhat since the mid-20th century. Malaysian political life and government has been dominated since the early 1970s by the National Front (Barisan Nasional), a broad coalition of ethnically oriented parties. Among the oldest and strongest of these parties are the United Malays National Organization (UMNO; long the......
  • National Front (political party, Albania)
    ...Party and began to fight the occupiers as a unified resistance force. After a successful struggle against the fascists and two other resistance groups that contended for power with them—the National Front (Balli Kombëtar) and the pro-Zog Legality Party (Legaliteti)—the communists seized control of the country on Nov. 29, 1944. Enver Hoxha, a college instructor who had led t...
  • National Front (political party, Tunisia)
    The outcome of the elections in November 1981 was disappointing to those who sought political liberalization. The National Front, an alliance of the Destourian Socialist Party and the trade union movement, swept all 136 parliamentary seats, a result received with cynicism and dismay by the opposition. Meanwhile, an Islamist opposition was developing around the Islamic Tendency Movement......
  • National Front (political party, Czechoslovakia)
    ...remained minister of defense. Thus the provisional system had been endorsed by an overwhelming majority of the Czechoslovak people; provided the political parties, grouped in a coalition called the National Front, continued to work harmoniously, the provisional regime would be finalized in 1948, when the Constituent Assembly was to produce a constitution and the next general election was to be....
  • National Front (political party, France)
    In the 1980s and ’90s, neofascism in France was dominated by the National Front (Front National; FN), founded in 1972 by François Duprat and François Brigneau and led beginning later that year by Jean-Marie Le Pen. After 10 years on the margins of French politics, the FN began a period of spectacular growth in 1981. Campaigning on the slogan “France for the French...
  • National Front for the Defense of the Revolution (political party, Madagascar)
    ...begun by Ramanantsoa. He nationalized the banks, insurance companies, and the nation’s mineral resources and solidified his nation’s ties with the communist powers. The formation in 1976 of the National Front for the Defense of the Revolution—a coalition of formerly banned political parties headed by Ratsiraka—further increased the president’s control of the g...
  • National Front for the Liberation of Angola (political party, Angola)
    ...centre for coffee production in the 1950s and was designated a city in 1956. Its prosperity was short-lived, however, as the city was affected by recurrent fighting between Portuguese forces and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; FNLA), one of three Angolan preindependence guerrilla movements. The fighting, which occurred......
  • National Front for the Liberation of the South (political organization, Vietnam)
    Vietnamese political organization formed on Dec. 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. An overtly communist party was established in 1962 as a central component of the NLF, but both the military arm, the Viet Cong, and the political organization of the NLF included many noncommunists. The NLF was represented by its ow...
  • National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam (political organization, Vietnam)
    Vietnamese political organization formed on Dec. 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. An overtly communist party was established in 1962 as a central component of the NLF, but both the military arm, the Viet Cong, and the political organization of the NLF included many noncommunists. The NLF was represented by its ow...
  • National Front Party (political party, Iran)
    The nationalization resulted in a deepening crisis in Iran, both politically and economically. Mosaddeq and his National Front Party continued to gain power but alienated many supporters, particularly among the ruling elite and in the Western nations. The British soon withdrew completely from the Iranian oil market, and economic problems increased when Mosaddeq could not readily find alternate......
  • National Galleries of Scotland (Scottish organization)
    A major cultural institution is the National Galleries of Scotland. It includes the National Gallery on the Mound, with a fine international collection of art as well as a representative collection of Scottish painters, including many with particular connections to Edinburgh. Each year the National Gallery hosts a temporary exhibition of its collection of watercolours by J.M.W. Turner. Under......
  • National Gallery (museum, Berlin, Germany)
    German art museum in Berlin that was founded in 1861 and opened to the public in 1876. The National Gallery has one of the world’s finest collections of German painting and sculpture from the late 18th to the mid-20th century. Its holdings include many works by Neoclassical, Romantic, German Impressionist, and Expressionist artists. A separate gallery houses frescoes done by the Nazarene pa...
  • National Gallery (museum, London, United Kingdom)
    art museum in London that houses Great Britain’s national collection of European paintings. It is located on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Westminster....
  • National Gallery (museum, Oslo, Norway)
    in Oslo, Norwegian national art museum, built in 1836 and enlarged in 1903–07, devoted primarily to Norwegian paintings and sculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 2003 the National Gallery joined with three other Norwegian museums to become the National Museum of Art, Architecture, and Design. It possesses a significant collection of paintings by the Expressionist artist Edvard Munch....
  • National Gallery of Art (museum, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia)
    Despite constraints in public funding, governments have not been inactive. In 1982, for instance, Australia opened its National Gallery of Art in Canberra. Also in Australia the National Gallery of Victoria has been developed as part of Melbourne’s arts complex, while Sydney’s Powerhouse Museum (1988), provides a major attraction in that city. In Paris the Pompidou Centre (1977) comb...
  • National Gallery of Art (museum, Washington, District of Columbia, United States)
    American museum of art, part of the federally operated Smithsonian Institution system, located at the east end of the Mall, Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1937 when the financier and philanthropist Andrew W. Mellon donated to the government a collection of paintings by European masters and a large sum of money to construct the gallery’s Neoclassical building, which w...
  • National Gallery of Canada (museum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)
    Along with developments in the visual arts came the establishment of art collections and art galleries. The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa, dating from 1880, includes not only the most extensive and important collection of arts by Canadians but also collections built up along international lines to help trace the origins of Canadian artistic traditions. It also circulates exhibitions to......
  • National Gallery of Modern Art (museum, Rome, Italy)
    in Rome, important collection devoted to Italian artists and forming a full survey of 19th- and 20th-century Italian art. The museum was begun in 1883 and moved to its present site in 1911. The collection is enormous, with early examples from the Neoclassical period, including some fine portraits, through the contemporary period. An entire room is devoted to the Tuscan group of painters known as t...
  • National Gallery of Scotland (museum, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    in Rome, important collection devoted to Italian artists and forming a full survey of 19th- and 20th-century Italian art. The museum was begun in 1883 and moved to its present site in 1911. The collection is enormous, with early examples from the Neoclassical period, including some fine portraits, through the contemporary period. An entire room is devoted to the Tuscan group of painters known as t...
  • National Gallery of the Marches (building, Urbino, Italy)
    ...town, the street pattern and character of which are medieval, although most of its buildings were erected in the 17th and 18th centuries. The most notable landmarks, the Ducal Palace, now the National Gallery of The Marches, with an important collection of paintings, and the mausoleum of San Bernardino outside the town, date from the late 15th century. The seat of an archbishop, Urbino’s...
  • National Gallery of Victoria (museum, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia)
    major Australian art museum, located in Melbourne, Victoria, with collections ranging over European, Asian, and Australian art of all periods. The museum was once housed entirely in the Victorian Arts Centre, with a Great Hall featuring a dramatic stained-glass ceiling by Leonard French, a Melbourne artist. The building was designed in the late 1960s by Sir Roy Grounds. To facil...
  • National Game, The (book by Spink)
    Both Alfred H. Spink’s The National Game (1910) and A.G. Spalding’s America’s National Game (1911), generally regarded as the first attempts at writing a standard history of baseball, cite Casey at the Bat as the best baseball poem ever written. Spalding goes so far as to proclaim that “Love has ...
  • National Geographic Magazine (American magazine)
    monthly magazine of geography, archaeology, anthropology, and exploration, providing the armchair traveler with literate and accurate accounts and unsurpassed photographs and maps to comprehend those pursuits. It is published in Washington, D.C....
  • National Geographic Society (American society)
    American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of eminent explorers and scientists “for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge.” With more than nine million members in the mid-1990s, the organization is the world’s largest scientific and educational society. Members receive the monthly National Geographic Magazin...
  • National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (astronomical atlas)
    ...Caltech built two powerful Schmidt cameras, one 48 inches (122 cm) and the other 18 inches (46 cm), that surveyed the sky deeper than it had ever been before. The larger Schmidt camera produced the National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey in the 1950s, which was a collection of 935 pairs of 14-inch (36-cm) square glass photographic plates that recorded, down to the 20th...
  • National Government (Polish political organization)
    ...the head of government in 1862, introduced reforms that were not insignificant but did not include peasant emancipation. He was viewed as an enemy by both the Reds, who created an underground National Committee, and the Whites, who also set up a clandestine organization. Wielopolski decided to break the Reds by drafting large numbers of them into the Russian army. In January 1863 the......
  • national government
    the political system by which a country or community is administered and regulated....
  • National Greyhound Racing Club (British organization)
    In England there are normally eight races to a meeting. The National Greyhound Racing Club (founded 1928), the governing body, established race distances for flat and hurdle races from 230 to 1,200 yards (210 to 1,100 m). Usually no more than six greyhounds run in a race, which is run on grass. Most races are held at night under lights....
  • National Guard (military organization, Nicaragua)
    The Marines withdrew upon the inauguration of Sacasa, and Sandino submitted to his government. A Nicaraguan National Guard, trained by the U.S. Marines and commanded by Gen. Anastasio Somoza García, was now responsible for maintaining order in the country. In 1934 high-ranking officers led by Somoza met and agreed to the assassination of Sandino. Somoza then deposed Sacasa with the......
  • National Guard (military organization, United States)
    ...exposed to chemical weapons, and coordinate rescue operations. Cognizant of the growing risk posed by weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the United States in 1998 authorized the creation of 10 National Guard WMD Civil Support Teams (WMD-CST) within its territory; each team was organized, trained, and equipped to handle chemical emergencies in support of local police, firefighters, medical......
  • National Guinean Ballet (ballet company, Guinea)
    The professional National Guinean Ballet, which emerged after independence, has retained some of the dance and music of the distinct ethnic and regional groups. Creative accomplishments in modern dance and popular music have given Guinean musicians and singers an international reputation....
  • National Gymnasiums (buildings, Tokyo, Japan)
    Tange’s work during the 1960s took more boldly dramatic forms with the use of reinforced concrete and innovative engineering. For the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, he designed the National Gymnasiums; the two structures featured sweeping curved roofs and an asymmetrical but balanced design that masterfully assimilated traditional techniques. During the same period, Tange also designed St. Ma...
  • National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians (museum, Andarko, Oklahoma, United States)
    ...and Indians may be seen at numerous rodeos and at annual performances of Red Earth or at the American Indian Exposition. As host of the annual exposition and the site of Indian City U.S.A., the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians, and the Southern Plains Indian Museum, Anadarko is a major tourist attraction. Among the features are full-sized reproductions of the homes of......
  • National Health, Department of (South African government agency)
    ...among blacks, and, at the beginning of the 21st century, South Africa ranked near the top of United Nations estimates of proportions of national populations infected with HIV. Since 1994 both the Department of National Health and the administrations of the new provinces have emphasized primary health care delivery, building in some instances on programs that farsighted medical workers......
  • National Health Service (British agency)
    in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health services are free except for certain minor charges....
  • National Health Service Act (United Kingdom [1946])
    in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health services are free except for certain minor charges....
  • National Heart and Lung Institute (institution, London, United Kingdom)
    ...displays of Victorian art. Collections on the history of the British military since 1485 are in the National Army Museum, which also features an extensive reference library. The headquarters of the National Heart and Lung Institute (founded 1946) is in the borough; it was placed under the control of the University of London’s Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (in Westm...
  • National Herbarium (garden, Washington, D.C., United States)
    In 1901 he joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture and began his worldwide travels to collect grass samples for the National Herbarium in Washington, D.C. He increased its collection of grasses to one of the largest and most complete in the world. Using these specimens, he began in 1905 to publish a series of monographs and handbooks on the grasses of many parts of the Americas. His most......
  • National Herbarium of New South Wales (garden, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)
    ...the woody ones, and hence, its collections of Australian trees are extensive. Many exotic varieties, however, have also been planted. Other specialties are palms, cycads, ferns, and orchids. The National Herbarium of New South Wales, situated at the garden, contains approximately one million reference specimens. Although the herbarium has worldwide representation, it specializes in the......
  • National Heritage Fellowship Award (grant, United States)
    ...projects: for example, to an author for writing a novel or to a jazz musician for composing an extended work. The endowment has especially encouraged culturally diverse American arts, providing National Heritage Fellowship Awards to, for example, folk and blues musicians, instrument makers, weavers, metalworkers, woodcarvers, and others who embody Native American, Latin American, Asian, and......
  • National Highway No. 2 (highway, India)
    The Grand Trunk Road (National Highway No. 2) is one of the oldest road routes in India. It runs from Howrah to Kashmir and is the main route connecting the city with northern India. Other national highways connect Calcutta with the west coast of India, the northern part of West Bengal, and the frontier with Bangladesh....
  • National Hispanic Heritage Month
    month (September 15–October 15) in which the people of the United States honour the achievements of Hispanics. The celebration was first authorized in 1968, when the U.S. Congress adopted a resolution asking the president of the United States annually to issue a proclamation designating a week in September including September 15 and 16 as “National Hispanic Heritage Week.” In ...
  • National Hockey Association (sports organization)
    The National Hockey Association (NHA), the forerunner of the National Hockey League (NHL), was organized in 1910 and became the strongest hockey association in North America. Rising interest in the game created problems, however, for there were few artificial-ice rinks. In 1911 the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) was formed by Joseph Patrick and his sons, who built two enclosed......
  • National Hockey League
    organization of professional ice hockey teams in North America, formed in 1917 by five Canadian teams, to which the first U.S. team, the Boston Bruins, was added in 1924. The NHL became the strongest league in North America and in 1926 took permanent possession of the Stanley Cup, a trophy representing world supremacy in ice hockey. Headquarters are in New Yor...
  • National Horse Show (American event)
    The National Horse Show at New York, first held in 1883, is another great yearly event. Held at Madison Square Garden, it lasts several days and includes about 10 different events. Among the most important are the international jumping under FEI rules and the open jumping under AHSA rules. Other shows are held in many sections of the United States....
  • National Hot Rod Association (American organization)
    ...urged various local hot rod clubs to join together with the SCTA in a larger national organization to promote safety and sanctioned racing meets. In 1951 he became the first president of the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), now in Glendora, California. Under Parks’s leadership, the NHRA grew to encompass some 144 race tracks hosting nearly 4,000 events annually, with more than 85,000...
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (American organization)
    In 1993 Collins, by then a full professor, left Michigan to take the post as head of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) of the NIH, which had begun work on the HGP three years earlier with a stated goal of completing the sequencing project in 15 years at a cost of $3 billion by coordinating the work of a number of leading academic research centres around the country, in......
  • National Humane Education Center (American organization)
    After briefly serving as interim director of the New Jersey branch of the HSUS, Hylton was appointed in 1967 as program director of the National Humane Education Center (NHEC), the HSUS’s new humane-education headquarters and model animal shelter in Waterford, Va. His activities included investigating and leading instruction in humane methods of animal euthanasia at Waterford. He also conce...
  • National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain (British sports organization)
    The National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain (NISA) governs eligible skating in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1879, the association organizes tests for skaters and oversees competitions for figure skating, ice dancing, synchronized team skating, speed skating, and recreational skating. Figure skaters who hope to become Olympians must complete a 10-stage tesa Funskate Programme before......
  • National Ignition Facility (physics research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States)
    As a result of such progress, the National Ignition Facility, a laser fusion experiment that will achieve ignition, has been constructed in the United States. However, this facility, also located at Livermore, is funded primarily for its application to weapons research, not energy research....
  • National Imagery and Mapping Agency (United States government agency)
    ...and importance have grown with advances in surveillance technology. Its programs are perhaps the most expensive—and useful—sources of intelligence available to the U.S. government. The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) was created in 1996 under the aegis of the Department of Defense to produce imagery intelligence for the U.S. military and other government agencies....
  • national income (economics)
    in economics, numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in total national investment on the amount of total national income. It equals the ratio of the change in total income to the change in investment....
  • national income accounting
    a set of principles and methods used to measure the income and production of a country. There are basically two ways of measuring national economic activity: as the money value of the total production of goods and services during a given period (usually a year) or as the total of incomes derived from economic activity after allowance has been made for capital consumption....
  • National Independent Moving Picture Alliance (American company)
    ...early 1909) and exhibitors (estimated at 2,000 to 2,500); and in January 1909 they formed their own trade association, the Independent Film Protective Association—reorganized that fall as the National Independent Moving Picture Alliance—to provide financial and legal support against the Trust. A more effective and powerful anti-Trust organization was the Motion Picture Distributin...
  • National Indian Brotherhood (Canadian organization)
    ...in Indian political activism during the 1970s. Provincial and territorial Indian organizations flourished. At the national level, Indians were represented by the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations), while Métis and nonstatus Indians were represented by the Native Council of Canada. These and other organizations advocated policies including aboriginal rights......
  • National Indian Foundation (agency, Brazil)
    ...toward improving the conditions of these groups. In Brazil, for example, institutions such as the Protective Service for the Indians (Serviço de Proteção do Indio) and the National Indian Foundation (Fundação Nacional do Indio) were established, although such organizations often have become agents for the relocation and control of Indian groups rather......
  • National Industrial Institute (Spanish history)
    ...intervention through highly protective tariffs, currency regulation, marketing boards for agriculture, and import controls. There was also a high degree of government ownership, realized through the National Industrial Institute (INI), which was created in 1941 to develop defense-related industries and other industries ignored by the private sector. The self-imposed economic isolation was......
  • National Industrial Recovery Act (United States [1933])
    ...labour movement most required from the state: protection of the rights of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining. These rights were asserted in principle under Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933 and then made thoroughly effective by passage of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. More commonly known as the Wagner Act, the latter......
  • National Institute for Ancient Drama (Italian organization)
    ...activity in Italy are the Italian Theatre Board (Ente Teatrale Italiano; ETI), the Institute for Italian Drama (Istituto Dramma Italiano; IDI), concerned with promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding, which severely affected fringe and......
  • National Institute for Space Research (Brazilian organization)
    ...the early 21st century, advanced satellite-imagery technology was allowing researchers to match the river’s dimensions even more precisely. In 2007 an expedition that included members of Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research and other organizations traveled to the region of Carruhasanta and Apacheta creeks in an attempt to determine which of the two was the “true...
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