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  • negligence (law)
    in law, the failure to meet a standard of behaviour established to protect society against unreasonable risk. Negligence is the cornerstone of tort liability and a key factor in most personal injury and property-damage trials....
  • negligence, comparative (law)
    ...actions. If it can be shown that one party was partly to blame, then that party may not collect from any negligence of the other party. Some courts have applied a substitute doctrine known as comparative negligence. Under this, each party is held responsible for a portion of the loss corresponding to the degree of blame attached to that party; a person who is judged to be 20 percent to......
  • negligence, contributory (law)
    in law, behaviour that contributes to one’s own injury or loss and fails to meet the standard of prudence that one should observe for one’s own good. Contributory negligence of the plaintiff is frequently pleaded in defense to a charge of negligence....
  • Neglinnaya (river, Russia)
    ...krem, meaning a conifer providing timber suitable for building. The Kremlin was sited on the relatively high spit of land between the Moscow River and a small tributary, the Neglinnaya. The triangular piece of land between the rivers was protected on the eastern side by a moat joining them. The Neglinnaya now flows through an underground conduit, but part of its course......
  • Negoiu, Mount (mountain, Romania)
    ...The mountains are heavily glaciated, with lakes, fretted peaks, and morainic deposits. The Olt breach defines the western end, the Bran Pass the eastern. Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 m]) and Negoiu (8,317 feet [2,535 m]) are the highest peaks. On the northern face many short streams fall precipitously into the Olt; on the southern face rise several rivers, the major one being the......
  • negotiable instrument (banking and economics)
    The negotiable instrument, which is essentially a document embodying a right to the payment of money and which may be transferred from person to person, developed historically from efforts to make credit instruments transferable; that is, documents proving that somebody was in their debt were used by creditors to meet their own liabilities. Thus a promise of A to pay B a certain sum at a......
  • negotiated management (crowd control)
    ...in most countries that have not adopted Western-style democracy. Even in democracies, however, escalated force was the traditional way of controlling crowds until the 1970s, when the strategy of negotiated management emerged. The success of the latter strategy depends on two key factors: the willingness of the police and the groups involved to negotiate control of the event and, more......
  • negotiated-contract buying (business)
    ...buying, the government disseminates very specific information about the products and services required and requests bids from suppliers. Contracts generally are awarded to the lowest bidder. In negotiated-contract buying, a government agency negotiates directly with one or more companies regarding a specific project or supply need. In most cases, contracts are negotiated for complex......
  • negotiation
    Hostilities may be suspended pending negotiation between the parties. Negotiation may, or may not, be preceded by the display of a white flag, which merely means that one side wishes to enter into communication with the other. The parties may then enter into an armistice, and, when all matters are agreed, a peace treaty may be concluded. Of course, it is possible to end hostilities without any......
  • negotiorum gestio (law)
    ...common feature save that they did not properly fall under contract, because there was no agreement, or under delict, because there was no wrongful act. The most noticeable examples were, first, negotiorum gestio, which enabled one who intervened without authority in another’s affairs for the latter’s benefit to claim reimbursement and indemnity, and second, the group of cas...
  • Negra, Cordillera (mountain range, Peru)
    range of the Andes Mountains in west-central Peru. It extends for about 110 miles (180 km) southeast from the mouth of the Santa River and rises to an elevation of 14,764 feet (4,430 metres). The upper Santa River Valley, also known as the Callejón de Huaylas, separates the Cordillera Negra from the Cordillera Blanca, a range of permanently snowcapped mountains to the east. The mountains of...
  • Nègre à Paris, Un (work by Dadié)
    ...Legends”) and Le Pague noir (1955; The Black Cloth). The autobiographical novel Climbié (1956) re-creates the social milieu of colonial Côte d’Ivoire. Un Nègre à Paris (1959), his examination of Parisian society, is presented in epistolary form. Dadié’s love of Africa’s oral traditions caused him to colle...
  • Nègre, Charles (French photographer)
    ...commissioned several photographers to document historical buildings. Working with cameras making photographs as large as 20 by 29 inches (51 by 74 cm), Henri Le Secq, Charles Marville, and Charles Nègre produced remarkable calotypes of the cathedrals of Notre-Dame (Paris), Chartres, and Amiens, as well as other structures that were being restored after centuries of neglect. An......
  • Nègre, Le (work by Soupault)
    After the mid-1920s Soupault devoted himself primarily to writing novels and essays and to journalism. His novels centre on the concepts of freedom and revolt. Les Frères Durandeau (1924; “The Durandeau Brothers”) is a scathing portrait of the middle class. Le Nègre (1927; “The Negro”) traces a black man’s pursuit of liberty. Les......
  • “Nègres, Les” (play by Genet)
    His subsequent plays, Le Balcon (1956; The Balcony), Les Nègres (1958; The Blacks), and Les Paravents (1961; The Screens), are large-scale, stylized dramas in the Expressionist manner, designed to shock and implicate an audience by revealing its hypocrisy and complicity. This “Theatre of Hatred” attempts to wrest the maximum dramatic.....
  • Negretti, Jacopo (Italian painter [1480?–1528])
    Venetian painter of the High Renaissance, noted for the craftsmanship of his religious and mythological works. He may have studied under Giovanni Bellini, the originator of the Venetian High Renaissance style....
  • Negri, Giuditta Maria Costanza (Italian opera singer)
    reigning Italian soprano of her time, acclaimed for her vocal range and expressiveness....
  • Negri Sembilan (state, Malaysia)
    state (negeri), southwestern West Malaysia (Malaya), bounded by the states of Selangor (northwest), Pahang (north), Johor (east), and Melaka (south). Its area of 2,565 sq mi (6,642 sq km) is drained by the Linggi and Mirar rivers and has a 30-mile (48-km) coastline on the Strait of Malacca....
  • Negrín López, Juan (prime minister of Spain)
    Republican prime minister (1937–39) of Spain who held office during the last two years of the Spanish Civil War. He was a determined wartime leader but was forced to rely heavily on communist support during his time in power. His policies as prime minister have been the subject of much historical controversy....
  • Negrito (people)
    Many smaller groups of indigenous and immigrant peoples account for the remainder of the Philippines’ population. The aboriginal inhabitants of the islands were the Negritos, a term referring collectively to numerous peoples of dark skin and small stature, including the Aeta, Baluga, Ita, Agta, and others. Those communities now constitute only a tiny percentage of the total population. From...
  • Negritude (literary movement)
    literary movement of the 1930s, ’40s, and ’50s that began among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers living in Paris as a protest against French colonial rule and the policy of assimilation. Its leading figure was Léopold Sédar Senghor (elected first president of the Republic of Senegal in 1960), who, along with Aimé Cé...
  • Négritude (literary movement)
    literary movement of the 1930s, ’40s, and ’50s that began among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers living in Paris as a protest against French colonial rule and the policy of assimilation. Its leading figure was Léopold Sédar Senghor (elected first president of the Republic of Senegal in 1960), who, along with Aimé Cé...
  • Negro, American (people)
    ...New (Burlesque) Theater. After a few years it was purchased by a competitor and renamed the 125th Street Apollo Theater. The district surrounding the building was opened up during the 1910s to African Americans making the Great Migration out of the South, and in the 1920s Harlem was transformed into a black residential and commercial area....
  • Negro American League (American baseball organization)
    ...World War I. In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in the 1930s. A second Negro National League was founded late in that decade, and the Negro American League, formed in 1936, ultimately had Eastern and Western divisions that in 1952 played a Negro East-West game. Among the most famous players in the various Negro leagues were Josh......
  • negro bug (insect subfamily)
    Sometimes the subfamily Thyreocorinae is elevated to the family level (Thyreocoridae). Its members, slightly smaller than those of the burrower-bug subfamily Cydninae, at one time were commonly called negro bugs but are now called thyreocorids. They are found on vegetation, flowers, and fruits, especially raspberries. These are usually shiny black in colour, but some are tinged with green or......
  • Negro Digest (American magazine)
    ...Johnson worked for a life insurance company that marketed to African American customers. There he conceived the idea of a magazine for blacks; in 1942 he began publication of Negro Digest. Its first issue sold some 3,000 copies, and within a year the monthly circulation was 50,000. From that beginning, Johnson launched Ebony, a......
  • Negro Eastern League (sports organization)
    Formed in 1920 and 1921, respectively, the Negro National League and the Negro Eastern League played in New York City, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City (Missouri), Detroit, and other cities that had absorbed a large influx of African Americans from the South during and after World War I. In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in the......
  • Negro English (dialect)
    a language variety that has also been identified at different times in dialectology and literary studies as Black English, black dialect, and Negro (nonstandard) English. Since the late 1980s, the term has been used ambiguously, sometimes with reference to only Ebonics, or, as it is known to linguists, African American Vernacular English (AAVE; the English dialect spoken by many...
  • Negro Experimental Theatre (American theatrical company)
    The Krigwa Players evolved into the Negro Experimental Theatre (also known as the Harlem Experimental Theatre), which in 1931 produced Anderson’s one-act play Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, about a lynching that happened while people prayed in church. The next year the theatre produced her one-act play Underground, about the Underground......
  • Negro Explorer at the North Pole, A (work by Henson)
    ...In 1909 Peary and Henson, accompanied by four Eskimos, became the first men to reach the North Pole, the rest of the crew having turned back earlier. Henson’s account of the journey, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole, appeared in 1912. The following year, by order of President William Howard Taft, Henson was appointed a clerk in the U.S. Customs House in New York City, a......
  • Negro Family: The Case for National Action, The (work by Moynihan)
    During the 1960s Moynihan was in Washington, D.C., and, while serving in the Department of Labor, cowrote The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, popularly called the Moynihan Report, which held that many of the educational problems of American blacks resulted from the instability of black urban families. The report caused a storm of controversy and made......
  • Negro Fellowship League (American organization)
    From 1898 to 1902 Wells-Barnett served as secretary of the National Afro-American Council, and in 1910 she founded and became first president of the Negro Fellowship League, which aided newly arrived migrants from the South. From 1913 to 1916 she served as a probation officer of the Chicago municipal court. She was militant in her demand for justice for African Americans and in her insistence......
  • Negro in Chicago, The (work by Johnson)
    ...Johnson studied under the sociologist Robert Ezra Park at the University of Chicago and then worked for the Chicago Commission on Race Relations (1919–21). His first important writing, The Negro in Chicago (1922), was a sociological study of the race riot in that city in July 1919. His research technique, called “community self-survey of race relations,” facilitated....
  • Negro league (baseball)
    any of the associations of African American baseball teams active largely between 1920 and the late 1940s, when black players were at last contracted to play major and minor league baseball. The principal Negro leagues were the Negro National League (1920–31, 1933–48), the Eastern Colored League (1923–28), and the Negro American L...
  • Negro National League (American baseball organization)
    Formed in 1920 and 1921, respectively, the Negro National League and the Negro Eastern League played in New York City, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City (Missouri), Detroit, and other cities that had absorbed a large influx of African Americans from the South during and after World War I. In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in......
  • Negro of Peter the Great, The (novel by Pushkin)
    ...a slave at Constantinople (Istanbul) and adopted by Peter the Great, whose comrade in arms he became. Pushkin immortalized him in an unfinished historical novel, Arap Petra Velikogo (1827; The Negro of Peter the Great). Like many aristocratic families in early 19th-century Russia, Pushkin’s parents adopted French culture, and he and his brother and sister learned to talk an...
  • Negro People’s Theatre (American theatre)
    ...He made his New York debut as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet in December 1934. Welles was the director of an all-black cast in Macbeth for the Negro People’s Theatre, a part of the Federal Theatre Project, in 1936. In 1937 he formed the Mercury Theatre, which presented a renowned modern-dress version of Shakespeare’s ......
  • Negro Problem, The (work by Du Bois)
    ...who would earn their special privileges by dedicating themselves to “leavening the lump” and “inspiring the masses.” The phrase Talented Tenth first appeared in Du Bois’ The Negro Problem (New York, 1903)....
  • Negro Revolution (United States history)
    in the United States, mass movement starting in the late 1950s that, through the application of nonviolent protest action, broke the pattern of racially segregated public facilities in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for blacks since the Reconstruction period (1865–77)....
  • Negro River (river, Guatemala)
    river in central Guatemala, rising as the Negro River in the southern part of the Altos (mountains) Cuchumatanes, west of Huehuetenango. First flowing eastward, it forms part of the borders between the Quiché and Huehuetenango regions and between Quiché and Baja Verapaz. Southwest of San Cristóbal Verapaz, it bends back to flow westward, then meanders northw...
  • Negro River (river, South America)
    major tributary of the Amazon. It originates in several headstreams, including the Vaupés (Mapés) and the Guainía, which rise in the rain forest of eastern Colombia. The Guainía flows east and then arches northeast and southeast, forming the Colombian–Venezuelan border. Below its junction near San Carlos de Río Negro w...
  • Negro River (river, Uruguay)
    river in Uruguay, rising in the southern highlands of Brazil just east of Bagé. The Negro flows southwestward into Uruguay, where it is dammed near Paso de los Toros to create the Rincón del Bonete Reservoir (also called the Gabriel Terra Reservoir or the Rio Negro Reservoir), the largest artificial lake in South America (4,000 square miles [10,360 square km]). Dow...
  • Negro River (river, Argentina)
    river, southern Argentina, whose major headstreams, the Neuquén and the Limay, rise in the Andes Mountains near the Chilean border. At Neuquén city they meet to form the Negro, which flows generally east-southeastward across northern Patagonia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Viedma and Carmen de Patagones. The length of the Negro is about 400 miles...
  • Negro River (river, Nicaragua)
    ...country’s main watershed. The rivers that flow to the west empty into the Pacific Ocean or Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. They are short and carry a small volume of water; the most important are the Negro and Estero Real rivers, which empty into the Gulf of Fonseca, and the Tamarindo River, which flows into the Pacific....
  • Negro Soldier, The (American documentary film)
    ...and became John Houseman’s chief assistant at the Lafayette Theatre. During World War II, as part of Frank Capra’s U.S. Army documentary unit, Moss wrote, directed, and appeared in The Negro Soldier (1944), a training film aimed at fostering African American patriotism and racial harmony. Its portrayal of the heroism and dignity of its black characters is ...
  • Negro Southern League (American baseball organization)
    ...the Indianapolis ABCs, Chicago Giants, Kansas City (Missouri) Monarchs, Detroit Stars, St. Louis Giants, Dayton (Ohio) Marcos, and the Cuban Stars, who had no home city. A few weeks later the Negro Southern League was organized with clubs in the large cities of the South; however, it was regarded as a minor circuit during its on-again, off-again life over the next 30 years....
  • negro spiritual (music)
    in North American white and black folk music, an English-language folk hymn....
  • Negro World (American newspaper)
    ...was launched in 1923 under the auspices of the National Urban League, and the respected Caribbean-born short-story writer Eric Walrond, who published young black writers in Negro World, the organ of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association, provided significant visibility for New Negro writers. Anthologies, particularly of poetry, abounded du...
  • Negro World Series (baseball)
    ...New York City, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City (Missouri), Detroit, and other cities that had absorbed a large influx of African Americans from the South during and after World War I. In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in the 1930s. A second Negro National League was founded late in that decade, and the Negro American League, formed....
  • Negroponte, John (United States government official)
    American diplomat, who served as ambassador to a number of countries, including Honduras (1981–85) and Iraq (2004–05), and was the U.S. representative to the United Nations (UN; 2001–04) before being named the first director of national intelligence (DNI; 2005–07)....
  • Negroponte, John Dmitri (United States government official)
    American diplomat, who served as ambassador to a number of countries, including Honduras (1981–85) and Iraq (2004–05), and was the U.S. representative to the United Nations (UN; 2001–04) before being named the first director of national intelligence (DNI; 2005–07)....
  • Negros (island, Philippines)
    island, one of the Visayan group, central Philippines. It is separated from the island of Panay to the northwest by the Guimaras Strait and from Cebu island to the east by the Tañon Straits. The island is bordered on the north and south by the Visayan and Sulu seas, respectively....
  • negros brujos, Los (work by Ortiz)
    ...him to research their urban subculture and eventually their religious beliefs and practices. The experience changed his life and started him in a new career. In 1906 he published Los negros brujos (“Black Sorcerers”), his first book on the subject, and in 1916 Los negros esclavos (“Black Slaves”), in which he studies....
  • negros esclavos, Los (work by Ortiz)
    ...life and started him in a new career. In 1906 he published Los negros brujos (“Black Sorcerers”), his first book on the subject, and in 1916 Los negros esclavos (“Black Slaves”), in which he studies Cuban blacks according to the region of Africa from which they came. His Un catauro de cubanismos...
  • Neguib, Moḥammad (president of Egypt)
    Egyptian army officer and statesman who played a prominent role in the revolutionary overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952....
  • Negundo (plant genus)
    ...where half the maple species occur; about three-quarters of the species are Asian. There are eight species of Acer with compound leaves that are sometimes placed in a separate genus, Negundo. Another former member of Aceraceae is Dipteronia, a genus of central and southern China with two species....
  • NEH (United States agency)
    an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. The legislation defined “humanities” broadly to include the study of archaeology, language, linguistics, history, philosophy, ethics, comparative ...
  • Nehardea (ancient city, Iraq)
    ...in the north changed the composition of the local population. After the fall of the Temple of Jerusalem to the Romans in 70, many Jews fled to Mesopotamia, where they joined their coreligionists; Nehardea, north of Ctesiphon, became a centre of Jewish population. Naturally also many migrants from the east came to Mesopotamia in the wake of the Parthian occupation. With many merchants from......
  • Nehavend, Battle of (Iranian history)
    (ad 642), military clash in Iran between Arab and Sāsānian forces that was a major turning point in Iranian history. The battle ended in disastrous defeat for the Sāsānian armies and paved the way for the Arab conquest, which resulted in the Islamization of Iran....
  • Nehemiah (Jewish leader)
    Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bc after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He also instituted extensive moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Jews to Yahweh....
  • Nehemiah, Book of (Old Testament)
    two Old Testament books that together with the books of Chronicles formed a single history of Israel from the time of Adam. Ezra and Nehemiah are a single book in the Jewish canon. Roman Catholics long associated the two, calling the second “Esdras alias Nehemias” in the Douay-Confraternity. Later works, e.g., the Jerusalem Bible, maintain separate......
  • Nehemias (Jewish leader)
    Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bc after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He also instituted extensive moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Jews to Yahweh....
  • Nehemias, Book of (Old Testament)
    two Old Testament books that together with the books of Chronicles formed a single history of Israel from the time of Adam. Ezra and Nehemiah are a single book in the Jewish canon. Roman Catholics long associated the two, calling the second “Esdras alias Nehemias” in the Douay-Confraternity. Later works, e.g., the Jerusalem Bible, maintain separate......
  • Neher, Erwin (German physicist)
    German physicist, winner with Bert Sakmann in 1991 of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their research into basic cell function and for the development of the patch-clamp technique, a laboratory method that can detect the very small electrical currents produced by the passage of ions through the cell membrane....
  • Nehorai (Jewish rabbi and scholar)
    rabbi who was among the greatest of the tannaim, the group of some 225 masters of the Jewish Oral Law that flourished in Palestine for roughly the first 200 years ad. He continued the work of his teacher, Rabbi Akiba, in compiling by subject the Halakhot (laws) that came to be incorporated into the Mishna made by Rabbi ...
  • Nehru family (Indian family)
    ...Mutiny against British rule. From 1904 to 1949 the city was the capital of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). It was a centre of the Indian independence movement and was the home of the Nehru family, whose estate is now a museum....
  • Nehru, Jawaharlal (prime minister of India)
    first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s....
  • Nehru, Motilal (Indian political leader)
    a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and the father of India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru....
  • Nehru, Pandit (prime minister of India)
    first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s....
  • Nehru, Pandit Motilal (Indian political leader)
    a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and the father of India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru....
  • Nehru Report (Indian history)
    ...found the Swaraj Party (1923–27), the policy of which was to win election to the Central Legislative Assembly and obstruct its proceedings from within. In 1928 he wrote the Congress Party’s Nehru Report, a future constitution for independent India based on the granting of dominion status. After the British rejected these proposals, Motilal participated in the civil-disobedience mo...
  • Nehru, Swarup Kumari (Indian politician and diplomat)
    Indian political leader and diplomat, one of the world’s leading women in public life in the 20th century....
  • Nehru-Liaqat Pact (India-Pakistan [1950])
    pact made on April 8, 1950, following the state of tension that had arisen between India and Pakistan in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after economic relations between the two countries had been severed in December 1949. An estimated 1,000,000 people—Hindus from East Pakistan and Muslims from West Bengal—crossed the borders during 1950....
  • Nehrung (ocean feature)
    ...Copenhagen and Sweden—combines the functions of a seaport and tourist resort. Farther to the east, the German coast of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania is flat and low-lying. A series of long shingle bars (Nehrungen), capped by moving sand dunes, has been built up there, cutting off the distinctive shallow lagoons (......
  • Nei ching (Chinese medical text)
    The earliest surviving medical book, the Huang Ti nei Ching, or “The Yellow Emperor’s Esoteric Classic” (3rd century bc?), presents itself as the teachings of a legendary Celestial Master addressed to the Yellow Emperor....
  • Nei Menggu Zizhiqu (autonomous region, China)
    autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory, with an area of 454,600 square miles (1,177,500 square kilometres), that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometres) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilungkiang, Kirin, and Liaoning; to the south by the provinces...
  • Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (autonomous region, China)
    autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory, with an area of 454,600 square miles (1,177,500 square kilometres), that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometres) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilungkiang, Kirin, and Liaoning; to the south by the provinces...
  • nei yeh (Taoism)
    (“inner cultivation”), an early Chinese Taoist system aimed at purifying the practitioner’s “vital force” (ch’i) and enabling him to attain awareness of true reality as encompassed in the Tao. In hsin-shu the purification of ch’i meant cleansing the mind and heart of thoughts and emotions; only when an indivi...
  • Nei-chiang (China)
    city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), south-central China. Situated on the Tuo River, it is also at the junction of the Chengdu-Chongqing railway and the southern branchline to Yibin (later extended to Kunming, Yunnan province). These railways were completed in the 1950s and made Neijiang an imp...
  • Nei-meng-ku Tzu-chih-ch’ü (autonomous region, China)
    autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory, with an area of 454,600 square miles (1,177,500 square kilometres), that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometres) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilungkiang, Kirin, and Liaoning; to the south by the provinces...
  • nei-tan (Chinese religion)
    While learned specialists continued to refine alchemical theory, the period witnessed increasing interest in internal alchemy (nei tan), in which the language of the laboratory was used to describe operations realized within the body. This, in a sense, was nothing new. Alchemical metaphors had very early been applied to physiology; Ko Hung, for example, called semen the “Yin......
  • Neiba (Dominican Republic)
    city, southwestern Dominican Republic, in the lowlands between the eastern shore of Lake Enriquillo and the Yaque del Sur River. It was founded about the beginning of the 18th century. Sugarcane and fine timber are the principal products of the area; rock salt and gypsum deposits in hill-like formations are located in the vicinity. The city is accessible by secondary highways fr...
  • Neiba, Sierra de (mountains, Hispaniola)
    Bounding the Cibao Valley to the south is the Sierra de Neiba, which corresponds to the Matheux and Trou d’Eau mountains of Haiti; its high peaks reach approximately 7,200 feet (2,200 metres). Water flowing off the Neiba range drains partly to the Caribbean, via the Yaque del Sur system, and partly inland, to saline Lake Enriquillo. Enriquillo is the country’s largest natural lake, a...
  • Neidhart von Reuenthal (German poet)
    late medieval German knightly poet who, in the period of the decline of the courtly love lyric, introduced a new genre called höfische Dorfpoesie (“courtly village poetry”). It celebrated, in dancing songs, the poet’s love of village maidens rather than noble ladies....
  • Neidpath Castle (castle, Peeblesshire, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    ...The Romans left traces of their military rule in the camp at Lyne, locally known as Randal’s Walls. In medieval times a series of peels (fortified towers) were erected; the best-preserved is that of Neidpath Castle, a 15th-century stronghold of the Frasers just outside the royal burgh of Peebles. The county is closely associated with the legend of Merlin and has provided background and o...
  • Neige (Chinese history)
    ...inefficient and inconvenient. Litterateurs of the traditional and prestigious Hanlin Academy came to be assigned to the palace as secretarial assistants, and they quickly evolved into a stable Grand Secretariat (Neige) through which emperors guided and responded to the ministries and other central government agencies. Similarly, the need for coordinating provincial-level affairs led to......
  • Neige, Mount (mountain, France)
    ...Rhône River to the Rhine. It lies mostly in Switzerland, but a good part of the western sector lies in France. The highest peaks of the Jura are in the south, in the Geneva area, and include Crêt de la Neige (5,636 feet [1,718 m]) and Le Reculet (5,633 feet [1,717 m]), both in France, and Mount Tendre and La Dôle, both more than 5,500 feet (1,680 m), in Switzerland. Toward....
  • Neiges, Piton des (mountain, Réunion, France)
    ...rugged mountains in an advanced state of dissection by short torrential rivers. The west-central area contains a mountain massif with three summits exceeding 9,000 feet (2,740 metres), including the Piton des Neiges (10,069 feet). This massif is encircled by several wide basins and a series of smaller plateaus. In the eastern part of the island is an area of more recent volcanism, and in the......
  • Neighborhood Union (American social welfare agency)
    American social reformer whose Neighborhood Union and other community service organizations improved the quality of life for blacks in Atlanta, Ga., and served as a model for the future Civil Rights Movement....
  • neighbour-joining
    ...figure of the 20-organism phylogeny) relax the condition of uniform rate and allow for unequal rates of evolution along the branches. One of the most extensively used methods of this kind is called neighbour-joining. The method starts, as before, by identifying the smallest distance in the matrix and linking the two taxa involved. The next step is to remove these two taxa and calculate a new......
  • neighbourhood house (social agency)
    neighbourhood social welfare agency. The main purpose of a settlement is the development and improvement of a neighbourhood or cluster of neighbourhoods. It differs from other social agencies in being concerned with neighbourhood life as a whole rather than with providing selected services. The staff of a social settlement works with individuals and families and with groups. They do informal couns...
  • neighbourhood shopping centre
    Shopping centres are generally of neighbourhood, community, or regional scope. The smallest type, the neighbourhood centre, usually has a supermarket as a focus, with daily convenience shops such as a drugstore, shoe repair, laundry, and dry cleaner accompanying it. Such a centre can usually serve 2,500 to 40,000 people within a six-minute drive....
  • neighbour’s mallard (bird)
    any of four species of dabbling ducks in the genus Anas (family Anatidae) with large, long, spoon-shaped bills. The northern shoveler (A. clypeata) nests in North America, Europe, and northern Asia, migrating to South America, North Africa, and southern Asia in winter. The male has a green head, white breast, chestnut belly and sides, and a blue patch on the forewing. It is not......
  • Neighbours: The Story of a Murder (novel by Momplé)
    ...in Mozambican society, including Paulina Chiziane and Lília Momplé, whose novel Neighbours (1995) was later published in English as Neighbours: The Story of a Murder (2001)....
  • Neihardt, John Gneisenau (American poet)
    American poet, novelist, and short-story writer who described the history of American Indians, especially the Sioux....
  • Neijiang (China)
    city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), south-central China. Situated on the Tuo River, it is also at the junction of the Chengdu-Chongqing railway and the southern branchline to Yibin (later extended to Kunming, Yunnan province). These railways were completed in the 1950s and made Neijiang an imp...
  • neʿila (Judaism)
    in Judaism, the last of the five Yom Kippur services. As the concluding rite of Yom Kippur, the service is the most sacred of the yearly liturgy and is expressed in melodies of great solemnity. When the shofar (ritual ram’s horn) sounds at the close of the neilah, the synagogue service ends and the daylong fast marking Yom Kippur is over....
  • neʿilah (Judaism)
    in Judaism, the last of the five Yom Kippur services. As the concluding rite of Yom Kippur, the service is the most sacred of the yearly liturgy and is expressed in melodies of great solemnity. When the shofar (ritual ram’s horn) sounds at the close of the neilah, the synagogue service ends and the daylong fast marking Yom Kippur is over....
  • neilah (Judaism)
    in Judaism, the last of the five Yom Kippur services. As the concluding rite of Yom Kippur, the service is the most sacred of the yearly liturgy and is expressed in melodies of great solemnity. When the shofar (ritual ram’s horn) sounds at the close of the neilah, the synagogue service ends and the daylong fast marking Yom Kippur is over....
  • Neill, A. S. (British educator and author)
    British educator and author who founded the Summerhill School and championed free self-development in the education of children....
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