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On War (work by Clausewitz)
Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy....
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On Wisdom (work by Charron)
...tendency, coupled with traditional Roman Catholicism, noted in his two major works, Les Trois Vérités (1593; “The Three Truths”) and De la sagesse (1601; On Wisdom). In the first of these, which was intended as a Counter-Reformation tract against the reformed theology of John Calvin, Charron claimed that the nature and existence of God are......
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“On World Government” (work by Dante)
...duplicity, Clement himself turned against Henry. This action prompted one of Dante’s greatest polemical treatises, his De monarchia (c. 1313; On Monarchy) in which he expands the political arguments of the Convivio. In the embittered atmosphere caused by Clement’s deceit Dante turned his argumentativ...
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on-line public access computer (library science)
The system that accommodates this type of search is known as OPAC (on-line public access computer). Further development of this system has made it possible to integrate other library records with the OPAC, so that patrons can reserve materials that are still on order and can determine if items in the library’s collection are already on loan. The OPAC has been expanded in many libraries to.....
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on-line searching (computing)
A major area of study in computer science has been the storage of data for efficient search and retrieval. The main memory of a computer is linear, consisting of a sequence of memory cells that are numbered 0, 1, 2,… in order. Similarly, the simplest data structure is the one-dimensional, or linear, array, in which array elements are numbered with consecutive integers and array contents......
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On-myō-ryō (Japanese government)
...literary texts, (2) as an integral part of Buddhism and Chinese culture, and (3) informally, through court festivals and popular festivals and beliefs. A government department of divination, the On-myō-ryō (“Bureau of On-myō” [Chinese: Yin-Yang]), patterned after the Chinese practice, existed as early as 675 ad but later died out. One of the duti...
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On-Ogur (Magyar federation)
...including three tribes of Turkic Khazars (the Kavars). Either because of this fact or perhaps because of a memory of earlier conditions, this federation was known to its neighbours as the On-Ogur (literally “Ten Arrows” or “Ten Tribes”). From the Slavic pronunciation of this term, the name Hungarian is derived, with the initial H added because they were thought......
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On-take (volcano, Japan)
...the island groups of Ōsumi, Tokara, and Amami. It occupies an area of 3,539 square miles (9,167 square km). Its southern coast is deeply indented by Kagoshima Bay. The active volcano, On-take, was an island in the bay until an eruption in 1914 connected it to the eastern shore. Rough topography, volcanic-ash soil, and relative isolation limit agriculture to grains, tobacco, and......
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on-the-job training (business)
vocational instruction for employed persons....
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Ona (people)
South American Indians who once inhabited the island of Tierra del Fuego. They were historically divided into two major sections: Shelknam and Haush. They spoke different dialects and had slightly different cultures. The Ona were hunters and gatherers who subsisted chiefly on guanaco, small herds of which were stalked by bowmen; on various small animals; and on shellfish, cormor...
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Oña, Pedro de (Chilean poet)
first known poet born in Chile....
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Onactornis (paleontology)
...without large carnivores until relatively recent times. The Phororhacos line evidently evolved from seriema-like stock and radiated into numerous genera and species, the largest of them (Onactornis) standing 2.5 metres (8 feet) tall and having a skull 80 cm (31 inches) long and 40 cm (16 inches) high....
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onager (mammal)
(Equus hemionus onager), subspecies of the wild ass of Asia that ranged from northwest Iran to Turkmenistan. Pale-coloured and small, it has a short erect mane and fairly large ears. It was domesticated in ancient times but was replaced by the domestic horse and donkey. It now is found in limited numbers and may be approaching extinction. The name onager is sometimes used for the Asian wil...
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onager (weapon)
...in the horizontal plane, such as that described above, are called ballistae. There is no evidence that catapults in the narrow sense were used by the Greeks; the Romans called their catapults onagers, or wild asses, for the way in which their rears kicked upward under the recoil force. The Romans used large ballistae and onagers effectively in siege operations, and a complement of......
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Onagraceae (plant family)
evening primrose family of flowering plants, belonging to the myrtle order (Myrtales), comprising 21 genera concentrated in the temperate region of the New World. The family is characterized by flowers with parts mostly on the plan of four (four sepals, four petals, four or eight stamens), but there are some exceptions. The ovary is inferior (i.e., below the flower proper). In the temperat...
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On’ami (Japanese actor)
...the greatest) of the approximately 230 plays in the present repertoire. In 1422 he became a Zen monk, and his son Motomasa succeeded him. But Ashikaga Yoshinori, who became shogun in 1429, favoured On’ami (Zeami’s nephew) and refused to allow the son to perform before him. Motomasa died in 1432, and Yoshinori exiled Zeami to the island of Sado in 1434. After the shogun died in 144...
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Onan (biblical figure)
...Once the object of extravagant superstitions and severe taboos, masturbation by adults was frowned upon in the majority of premodern societies. Christian moral teaching condemned it as the sin of Onan, who in the Old Testament was censured for spilling his seed; and the Roman Catholic church still officially condemns masturbation as a mortal sin....
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Onaruto Bridge (bridge, Japan)
...as a base for viewing Naruto Strait, popularly known as the Awa no Naruto (“Roaring Gateway of Awa”), which is filled with rushing water and whirlpools at each ebb and flow of the tide. Ōnaruto Bridge spans the strait, connecting Naruto with Awaji Island and ultimately providing a road link with Kōbe, on the island of Honshu. Pop. (2005 prelim.) 63,198....
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Onassis, Aristotle Socrates (Greek businessman)
Greek shipping magnate who developed a fleet of supertankers and freighters larger than the navies of many countries....
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Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy (American first lady)
American first lady (1961–63), the wife of John F. Kennedy, 35th president of the United States, who was noted for her style and elegance. Her second husband, Aristotle Onassis, was one of the wealthiest men in the world....
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Oñate, Count de (Spanish ambassador)
...in Prague and Brussels. At the courts of the emperors Rudolf II and Matthias, the ambassador Baltazar de Zúñiga organized an effective “Spanish” party. His successor, the conde de Oñate, negotiated the secret Treaty of Graz (1617) by which the Jesuit-educated archduke Ferdinand of Styria (later Emperor Ferdinand II) was designated as heir to Matthias. In retur...
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Oñate, Juan de (Spanish conquistador)
conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic governorship, he vainly sought the mythical riches of North America and succeeded instead in unlocking the geographical secrets of what is now the southwestern United States....
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Once (film by Carney [2007])
...Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet StreetOriginal Score: Dario Marianelli for AtonementOriginal Song: Falling Slowly from Once; music and lyrics by Glen Hansard and Marketa IrglovaAnimated Feature Film: Ratatouille, directed by Brad......
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Once (neighbourhood, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Abasto and Once are quintessential working-class neighbourhoods; both are located west of Avenida 9 de Julio. Carlos Gardel, one of Argentina’s renowned tango singers, lived in Abasto. Once is famous for its Art Deco buildings. To the north of Once lies Belgrano, home to a relatively small Chinese community. Belgrano is dominated by high-rise apartment buildings and private homes squeezed.....
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Once and Future King, The (novel by White)
...novelist, social historian, and satirist who was best known for his brilliant adaptation of Sir Thomas Malory’s 15th-century romance, Morte Darthur, into a quartet of novels called The Once and Future King....
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Once Around (card game)
...often extra holes for holding pegs when not in play and for keeping track of games won. Game is 121 (twice around the board plus one for the game hole) or 61 in the less frequently played game of once around. Each player has two pegs, and each scoring point is marked by jumping the rearmost peg ahead of the other (thus showing at a glance the number of points scored on a move as well as the......
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Once Upon a Time (work by Jamalzadah)
...which published his early stories and historical pieces. His first successful story, “Farsi shakar ast” (“Persian Is Sugar”), was reprinted in 1921/22 in Yakī būd yakī nabūd (Once Upon a Time), a collection of his short stories that laid the foundation for modern Persian prose. Yakī būd yakī......
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Onchi Kōshirō (Japanese artist)
...his designs to the carvers and printers employed by the publisher, performed all aspects of production. This was a philosophy of total engagement with the work. The leader of this movement was Onchi Kōshirō (1891–1955). Also prominent was Yamamoto Kanae (1882–1946). A notable feature of sōsaku hanga works was a movement toward defining shapes using......
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Onchidiidae (gastropod family)
...nephridial opening at posterior; male gonopore behind right tentacle; female gonopore middle of right side; sole of foot narrow; no shell; 2 pairs of retractile, or invaginable, tentacles; marine (Onchidiidae), terrestrial and herbivorous (Veronicellidae), or terrestrial and carnivorous (Rathouisiidae); about 200 species.Superorder......
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oncho (pathology)
filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of the black fly Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the west coast to Ethiopia on the east; in Africa its northern edge is about 15°...
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Onchocerca volvulus (parasitic worm)
filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of the black fly Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the west coast to Ethiopia on the east; in Africa its northern edge is about 15° N of the equator,....
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onchocerciasis (pathology)
filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of the black fly Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the west coast to Ethiopia on the east; in Africa its northern edge is about 15°...
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onchocercosis (pathology)
filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of the black fly Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the west coast to Ethiopia on the east; in Africa its northern edge is about 15°...
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Oncideres cingulata (insect)
...long antennae. The larvae live in pines and firs and bore tunnels up to 10 mm (0.3 inch) in diameter. The roundheaded apple tree borer (Saperda candida) can be a major apple pest. The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) deposits eggs in twigs and then girdles, or cuts, a groove around the twig. Eventually the twig dies and breaks off, and the larvae develop inside.....
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Oncidium (plant genus)
genus of some 450 species of tropical and subtropical American orchids, family Orchidaceae, that vary greatly in size and shape. Most species grow on other plants and have flowers that range in width from 6 mm (about 0.25 inch) to more than 10 cm (about 4 inches). The flowers of many species are borne on spikes or in long sprays; they are often yellow or brown. Other species are known variously as...
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Oncifelis geoffroyi (mammal)
South American cat of the family Felidae, found in mountainous regions, especially in Argentina. It is gray or brown with black markings and grows to a length of about 90 cm (36 inches), including a tail of about 40 cm (16 inches). Geoffroy’s cat climbs well and preys on small mammals and birds. It breeds once a year; litters consist of two or three kittens....
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Oncken, Johann Gerhardt (German missionary)
The pioneer Baptist in Europe was Johann Gerhardt Oncken, who organized a church at Hamburg in 1834. Oncken had become acquainted with Barnas Sears of Colgate Theological Seminary, who was studying in Germany, and with six others he was baptized by Sears. From this centre, evangelistic activity was extended throughout Germany, and missions were established elsewhere in eastern Europe. Baptist......
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oncogene (biology)
genetic material that carries the ability to induce cancer. An oncogene is a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that has been altered or mutated from its original form, the proto-oncogene. Operating as a positive growth regulator, the proto-oncogene is involved in promoting the differentiation and proliferation of normal cells. A variety of proto-oncogen...
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oncogenic virus (pathology)
A large number of DNA and RNA viruses cause tumours in animals, but in humans it is the DNA viruses that are implicated in most forms of cancer. Only one RNA virus is known to cause cancer in humans. The precise role that viruses play in tumour genesis is not clear, but it seems that they are responsible for causing only one in the series of steps necessary for cancer to develop....
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Oncomeris flavicornis (insect)
Stinkbugs generally range between 5 and 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 inch) in length. One exception is Oncomeris flavicornis, which occurs throughout the world. It is more than 50 mm long and is brightly coloured with red, blue, black, and orange. Sexual dimorphism, a condition in which the appearance of the male and female differs, exists in some species....
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Oncopeltus fasciatus (insect)
...that includes many important crop pests. There are between 3,000 and 5,000 species of lygaeid bugs, which vary from brown to brightly patterned with red, white, or black spots and bands. The large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) is distinguished by its broad red and black bands. They range from 3 to 15 mm (0.1 to 0.6 inch) in length, although they are usually less than 10 mm....
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Oncorhynchus aguabonita (Oncorhynchus aguabonita)
...Dolly Varden trout, lake trout (qq.v.), and bull trout. These are all species of chars. The genus Oncorhynchus contains the cutthroat trout, rainbow trout (qq.v.), and the golden trout. The golden trout (O. aguabonita) is a mountain trout of clear waters in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. The brown trout (q.v.), Salmo trutta, is a common......
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Oncorhynchus clarki (fish)
(Oncorhynchus clarki), black-spotted game fish, family Salmonidae, of western North America named for the bright-red streaks of colour beneath the lower jaws. It strikes at flies, baits, and lures and is considered a good table fish. Size is usually up to 2 to 4 kg (4.4 to 8.8 pounds), but some specimens may reach 10 kg (22 pounds). Many cutthroat trout migrate to sea when it can be reache...
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Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (fish)
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), North Pacific food fish, family Salmonidae, weighing about 2 kilograms (4 12 pounds) and marked with large, irregular spots. It often spawns on tidal flats, the young entering the sea immediately after hatching. The alternative name humpback salmon refers to the hump that develops on the back of the breeding male. See also...
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Oncorhynchus keta (fish)
(Oncorhynchus keta), lightly speckled North Pacific fish, family Salmonidae, weighing up to 15 kg (33 pounds). During the spawning season in autumn, it may swim more than 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon River. (See also salmon.)...
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Oncorhynchus kisutch (fish)
(Oncorhynchus kisutch), species of salmon, family Salmonidae, prized for food and sport. The coho may weigh up to 16 kg (35 pounds) and is recognized by the small spots on the back and upper tail-fin lobe. Young coho stay in fresh water for about one year before entering North Pacific waters; they mature in about three years. Some populations, called landlocked, spend their e...
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Oncorhynchus masu (fish)
...salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Yukon River to China and the Sacramento River; the pink or humpback salmon (O. gorbuscha), from the Arctic to Japan and the Klamath River; and the cherry salmon (O. masu), which is found off Japan. The Atlantic salmon is native to the rivers on both sides of the North Atlantic....
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Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)
(species Oncorhynchus mykiss), game fish of the family Salmonidae noted for its spectacular leaps and hard fighting when hooked. It has been introduced from western North America to many other countries. A brightly coloured fish of lakes and swift streams, it is covered with small black spots and has a reddish band along either side....
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Oncorhynchus nerka (fish)
North Pacific food fish of the family Salmonidae that lacks distinct spots on the body. It weighs about 3 kg (6.6 pounds); however, some specimens may weigh as much as 7.7 kg (17 pounds). Sockeye salmon range from the northern Bering Sea to Japan and from Alaska southward to California. The sockeye can migrate more than 1,600 km (1,000 miles) upriver to spawn in lakes or tributary streams, the you...
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Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi (fish)
...miles) upriver to spawn in lakes or tributary streams, the young remaining in fresh water for as long as three years. In North America the sockeye is caught on the Columbia and Fraser rivers. The kokanee (O. nerka kennerlyi) is a small, nonmigratory, freshwater form of sockeye. See also salmon....
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Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (fish)
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prized North Pacific food and sport fish of the family Salmonidae. It weighs up to 60 kg (130 pounds) and is silvery with round black spots. Spawning runs occur in spring, adults swimming as far as 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon. Young chinook salmon do not enter the sea until they are one to three years old. The chinook salmon was introduced into Lake Michig...
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Oncosperma (plant genus)
...the beginning of the Eocene Epoch, nearly 60 million years ago, palms were widespread and abundant. A diversity of genera, including Phoenix, Sabal, Serenoa, Livistona, Trachycarpus, and Oncosperma, existed in the United States, Canada, India, Europe, and China, many in places where palms do not occur today. These genera include members of groups considered primitive and......
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Oncosperma tigillarium (tree species)
...(bussu palm) occupies similar habitats in some New World areas. Palms are dominant in another type of vegetation on the landward fringe of mangrove swamps in the western Malay Archipelago, where Oncosperma tigillarium and Calamus erinaceus (and, in Borneo, Daemonorops longispathus) are found. In the Amazon estuary Raphia taedigera covers extensive areas; other......
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Ondaatje, Michael (Canadian writer)
Canadian novelist and poet whose musical prose and poetry are created from a blend of myth, history, jazz, memoirs, and other forms....
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Ondaatje, Philip Michael (Canadian writer)
Canadian novelist and poet whose musical prose and poetry are created from a blend of myth, history, jazz, memoirs, and other forms....
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Ondangua (Namibia)
settlement, northern Namibia, about 335 miles (540 km) north of Windhoek, the capital. In 1870, Onandjokue, near Ondangwa, was the site of the first Christian (Finnish Lutheran) mission in Owambo. The mission introduced Western health and educational institutions and trained the local populace in crafts such as bricklaying and carpentry. Martii Rautanen, an early missionary livi...
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Ondangwa (Namibia)
settlement, northern Namibia, about 335 miles (540 km) north of Windhoek, the capital. In 1870, Onandjokue, near Ondangwa, was the site of the first Christian (Finnish Lutheran) mission in Owambo. The mission introduced Western health and educational institutions and trained the local populace in crafts such as bricklaying and carpentry. Martii Rautanen, an early missionary livi...
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Ondatra zibethicus (rodent)
a large amphibious rodent indigenous to North America but found also in Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, adjacent areas of China and Mongolia, and Honshu Island in Japan. The muskrat is a robust vole weighing up to 1.8 kg (4 pounds). It has short legs and a compact body up to 33 cm (13 inches) long. The scaly, sparsely haired tail is flattened vertically and ...
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Ondergang der eerste wareld, De (epic poem by Bilderdijk)
...most sensitive of which is Gebed (1796; “Prayer”), inspired theologian poets throughout the 19th century. The work for which he is best remembered is the unfinished epic poem De ondergang der eerste wareld (1810; “The Destruction of the First World”), which dramatically portrays the primordial struggle between Cain’s son and the progeny of his da...
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Onderzoek en phantasie (essays by Geel)
Although Jacob Geel’s essays in Onderzoek en phantasie (1838; “Inquiry and Fantasy”) set a new standard in philological and philosophical criticism in Dutch literature, Geel’s liberal rationalism was almost swept aside by the growing wave of Romanticism. Simultaneously, the freethinking born of the Enlightenment roused the militancy of the Calvinists, who realize...
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ondes martenot (musical instrument)
(French: “musical waves”), electronic musical instrument demonstrated in 1928 in France by the inventor Maurice Martenot. Oscillating radio tubes produce electric pulses at two supersonic sound-wave frequencies. They in turn produce a lower frequency within audible range that is equal to the difference in their rates of vibration and that is amplified and converted into sound by a l...
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ondes musicales (musical instrument)
(French: “musical waves”), electronic musical instrument demonstrated in 1928 in France by the inventor Maurice Martenot. Oscillating radio tubes produce electric pulses at two supersonic sound-wave frequencies. They in turn produce a lower frequency within audible range that is equal to the difference in their rates of vibration and that is amplified and converted into sound by a l...
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Ondieki, Yobes (Kenyan athlete)
Yobes Ondieki had not run 10,000 m on a track for 10 years when he started training for the event in February 1993. The reigning world champion at 5,000 m, he set his sights for the Bislett Games Grand Prix 10,000-m race on July 10 at Oslo, Norway, on a track where dozens of records had fallen. He prepared with three months of altitude training and three 5,000-m races through mid-June, and then he...
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Ondine (ballet by Fonteyn)
...Margaret Kennedy’s novel The Constant Nymph in Tessa, la nymphe au coeur fidèle (1934) and La Motte-Fouqué’s fairy tale of a water sprite who loves a mortal man as Ondine (1939)....
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Ondine (mythology)
mythological figure of European tradition, a water nymph who becomes human when she falls in love with a man but is doomed to die if he is unfaithful to her. Derived from the Greek figures known as Nereids, attendants of the sea god Poseidon, Ondine was first mentioned in the writings of the Swiss author Paracelsus, who put forth his theory that there are spir...
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Ondioline (musical instrument)
Advances in electronic technology during World War II were applied to electronic instrument design in the late 1940s and ’50s. The Hammond Solovox, Constant Martin’s Clavioline, and Georges Jenny’s Ondioline are examples of commercially produced monophonic (capable of generating only one note at a time) electronic instruments. These instruments used small keyboards and were de...
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ondium martenot (musical instrument)
(French: “musical waves”), electronic musical instrument demonstrated in 1928 in France by the inventor Maurice Martenot. Oscillating radio tubes produce electric pulses at two supersonic sound-wave frequencies. They in turn produce a lower frequency within audible range that is equal to the difference in their rates of vibration and that is amplified and converted into sound by a l...
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Ondo (state, Nigeria)
state, western Nigeria. It was created out of former Ondo province of former Western state in 1976. It is bounded by the states of Kwara and Kogi on the north, Edo on the east, Delta on the southeast, and Osun and Ogun on the west and by the Bight of Benin of the Atlantic Ocean on the south. Ondo state includes mangrove-swamp forest near the Bight of Benin, tropical rain forest in the centre part...
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Ondo (Nigeria)
town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria, at the southern edge of the Yoruba Hills (elevation 940 feet [287 m]) and the intersection of roads from Ife, Akure, and Okitipupa. A collecting point for cocoa and palm oil and kernels, it is a local market centre (yams, cassava, corn [maize], poultry, fish, fruits, palm produce, pumpkins, okra) and the location of a branch office of the Federal Ministry o...
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ondol (device)
...bc). About this time ironware came to be used. Iron plows and sickles indicate the use of animals in farming and more efficient harvesting methods. Wooden houses were built on the ground, and ondol, a floor-heating device, was developed. The appearance of iron weapons, horse equipment, and coaches indicates that horses and chariots were employed in wars. Wiman (Wei Man in C...
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Öndörhaan (Mongolia)
town, eastern Mongolian People’s Republic. Situated on the Kerulen River, 180 miles (290 km) east of Ulaanbaatar, the town lies at a major junction of transportation routes between Ulaanbaatar and Choybalsan. Coal mining is economically important; the coalfield in the Mörön River valley, 50 miles (80 km) from the town, has a productive coal seam up to 15 feet (4.5 m) thick. Po...
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one (number)
...was at the same time both the goddess Ishtar and the deified number 15. The Moon was not only Earth’s satellite but also the lunar deity Sin and the deified number 30. The most perfect number was one, for by advancing from zero to one men believed they proceeded from nonexistence to existence. Moreover, all other whole numbers were regarded as multiples of one, representative of the Crea...
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One Act doctrine (Quietism)
...renewed conflict over mysticism. A Spaniard resident in Rome, Miguel de Molinos, author of the popular Spiritual Guide (1675), was condemned for his doctrine of the “One Act,” that is, the teaching that the will, once fixed on God in contemplative prayer, cannot lose its union with the divine. In France Mme Guyon and her adviser, François......
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One Big Union (Canadian labour organization)
The Canadian version of western syndicalism sprang into life in 1919, just as the IWW was expiring. This was the One Big Union (OBU), which had its roots in a postwar labour disaffection from conventional trade unionism that was especially pronounced in western Canada. Structured more along geographic than along the industrial-union lines of the IWW, the OBU had its moment of glory in the......
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One Day: A Poem in Three Parts, The (work by Hall)
...presaging the intuitive, anecdotal works for which he has become best known—e.g., A Roof of Tiger Lilies (1964) and The Alligator Bride (1968). The book-length The One Day: A Poem in Three Parts (1988), considered his masterpiece, is an intricate meditation on middle age. White Apples and the Taste of Stone (2006) is a collection of......
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One Day in October (novel by Hoel)
...in which he ridiculed the popular use of psychoanalytic terms. The direct influence of Freudian theory on Hoel’s works is apparent in such novels as En dag i oktober (1931; One Day in October), in which the inhabitants of an Oslo apartment building are deeply affected by the tragic life and death of a fellow lodger. In this novel Hoel made extended use of......
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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (novel by Solzhenitsyn)
...of Soviet avant-garde artists recalled Stalin’s intolerance in cultural matters. On the other hand, Khrushchev permitted the 1962 publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, with its sweeping denunciation of Stalinist repression. Other similar works of protest followed, creating what the historian Martin Malia calls ...
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One Day of the Week, The (work by Sánchez Ferlosio)
...self-conscious novel while destroying Francoist myths and creating new, liberating ones. Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio’s El Jarama (1956; “The Jarama”; Eng. trans. The One Day of the Week), masterfully utilizing pseudoscientific impassivity and cinematographic techniques, depicts the monotonous existence of urban youth via their aimless conversati...
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (novel by Kesey)
...subject, taking mind-altering drugs and reporting on their effects. This experience and his work as an aide at the hospital served as background for his best-known novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1962; film, 1975), which is set in a mental hospital. He further examined values in conflict in Sometimes a Great Notion (1964)....
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One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest (film by Forman [1975])
...and showed a remarkable ability to work with actors, most of his American films are also bereft of the earlier social concerns that defined his Czech films. In 1975 he directed One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, an independent production that had been turned down by every major studio. It became only the second film in history to win Academy Awards in all the four....
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one gene-one enzyme hypothesis (biology)
...thus produced. These experiments enabled them to conclude that each gene determined the structure of a specific enzyme that, in turn, allowed a single chemical reaction to proceed. This “one gene–one enzyme” concept won Beadle and Tatum (with Lederberg) the Nobel Prize in 1958....
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one hundred (numeral system)
Because our notational system for numbers is decimal (base 10), the number 100 takes on a significance that it would probably not possess if we employed other systems of notation. It is a round number and holds hints of perfection. The Western calendar is divided into the decade (10 years), century (100 years), and millennium (1,000 years), with the century as the most important unit. Thus, one......
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One Hundred and Twenty Days of Sodom (work by Sade)
...with an implacable spirit of revolt. On Feb. 27, 1784, he was transferred to the Bastille in Paris. On a roll of paper some 12 m (39 feet) long, he wrote Les 120 Journées de Sodome (One Hundred and Twenty Days of Sodom), in which he graphically describes numerous varieties of sexual perversion. In 1787 he wrote his most famous work, Les Infortunes de la vertu (an......
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One Hundred Million Million Poems (work by Queneau)
...offered the example of his stylistic demonstrations in Exercices de style. In his Cent mille milliards de poèmes (1961; One Hundred Million Million Poems), the reader was invited to rearrange 10 sonnets in all the variations possible, as indicated by the title. OuLiPo’s attachment to the serious pleasures o...
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One Hundred New Tales, The (French literature)
...the work’s realism and psychological interest have made it for some the first French novel. The bawdy tales of the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (c. 1465; The One Hundred New Tales), loosely modeled on the work of Giovanni Boccaccio, are more in the spirit of the fabliaux, though written for the Burgundian court....
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One Hundred Years of Solitude (work by García Márquez)
...a novella, El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1961; No One Writes to the Colonel); and a few short stories. Then came One Hundred Years of Solitude, in which García Márquez tells the story of Macondo, an isolated town whose history is like the history of Latin America on a reduced scale. While......
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One Man, One Matchet (work by Aluko)
...(1959), a satirical novel about the conflict of Christian and Yoruba ethics, relates the disillusionment of a village community with the tenets of missionary Christianity. A second novel, One Man, One Matchet (1964), humorously presents the clash of an inexperienced district officer with an unscrupulous politician. Kinsman and Foreman (1966) incorporates Aluko’s......
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One Man, One Wife (work by Aluko)
Aluko’s One Man, One Wife (1959), a satirical novel about the conflict of Christian and Yoruba ethics, relates the disillusionment of a village community with the tenets of missionary Christianity. A second novel, One Man, One Matchet (1964), humorously presents the clash of an inexperienced district officer with an unscrupulous politician. Kinsman......
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One May Spin a Thread Too Finely (play by Turgenev)
...Gogol. Of these, The Bachelor (1849) was the only one staged at this time, the others falling afoul of the official censors. Others of a more intimately penetrating character, such as One May Spin a Thread Too Finely (1848), led to the detailed psychological studies in his dramatic masterpiece, A Month in the Country (1855). This was not staged professionally until......
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One Nation (political party, Australia)
...if anything, yet further from realization. One division to widen was that between the big cities and rural Australia. This tension helped create the most remarkable phenomenon of the 1990s, the One Nation movement. Led by Pauline Hanson, One Nation invoked an older and not altogether mythical Australia of Anglo-Celtic ethnicity and sturdy independence. Hanson herself won election to the......
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One Night of Love (film by Schertzinger [1934])
...Victor Milner for CleopatraArt Direction: Cedric Gibbons and Frederic Hope for The Merry WidowScoring: Columbia Studio Music Department, Louis Silvers, head of department, for One Night of LoveSong: “The Continental” from The Gay Divorcée; music by Con Conrad, lyrics by Herb MagidsonHonorary Award: Shirley Temple...
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One, None, and a Hundred Thousand (work by Pirandello)
Meanwhile, he had been writing other novels, notably I vecchi e i giovani (1913; The Old and The Young) and Uno, nessuno e centomila (1925–26; One, None, and a Hundred Thousand). Both are more typical than Il fu Mattia Pascal. The first, a historical novel reflecting the Sicily of the end of the 19th century and the general bitterness at the loss of the......
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One of Life’s Slaves (work by Lie)
...(1872; The Barque “Future,” 1879), followed. Two novels from his Naturalistic period are Livsslaven (1883; “The Life Convict,” Eng. trans.One of Life’s Slaves, 1895), which tells of the social misfortunes of a boy born out of wedlock, and Familien paa Gilje (1883; The Family at Gilje, 1920), a novel that deals with......
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One of Our Conquerors (novel by Meredith)
After 1885 his work was done except for three novels and five volumes of poems that were increasingly more philosophic than poetic. One of Our Conquerors (1891) is probably the most difficult of his novels because of the indirect and cryptic style, metaphor, and long passages of interior monologue. Lord Ormont and His Aminta (1894), unlike its predecessor, was praised for the......
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One Reed (Meso-American god)
(from Nahuatl quetzalli, “tail feather of the quetzal bird [Pharomachrus mocinno],” and coatl, “snake”), the Feathered Serpent, one of the major deities of the ancient Mexican pantheon. Representations of a feathered snake occur as early as the Teotihuac...
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One Step Forward, Two Steps Back (work by Lenin)
...and advocated the dictatorship of the proletariat. The latter wanted a wide-open proletarian party, collaboration with the liberals, and a democratic constitution for Russia. In his pamphlet One Step Forward, Two Steps Back (1904), Lenin compared the organizational principles of the Bolsheviks to those of the Mensheviks. After the failure of the 1905 Russian revolution, he drew......
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One, the (philosophy)
...from its seat in the Greek colony of Elea (or Velia) in southern Italy. This school, which flourished in the 5th century bc, was distinguished by its radical monism; i.e., its doctrine of the One, according to which all that exists (or is really true) is a static plenum of Being as such, and nothing exists that stands either in contrast or in contradiction to Being. Thus, a...
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One Thousand Guineas (horse race)
one of the five English Classic horse races, run over a straight mile (1.6 km) on the Rowley Mile course at the Newmarket (Suffolk) spring meeting. The race was first run in 1814. It is for three-year-old fillies and is run on the Friday following the Wednesday running of the Two Thousand Guineas, which is open to three-year-old colts and fillies. The most remarkable One Thousan...
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One Ton Cup (yachting trophy)
international racing trophy for sailing yachts of about one-ton displacement. From 1907 to 1955 the cup was the object of a major competition for 20-foot (6-metre) yachts, but with the decline of that class the cup was put up for challenge in 1965 by the Cercle de la Voile de Paris, a French yacht club, for boats rated up to 22 feet (7 m) by the measurement formula of the Royal Ocean Racing Club ...
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One way Passage (film by Garnett [1932])
Original Story: Robert Lord for One Way PassageAdaptation: Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason for Little WomenCinematography: Charles Bryant Lang, Jr., for A Farewell to ArmsArt Direction: William S. Darling for......
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