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  • Panguitch (Utah, United States)
    city, seat (1882) of Garfield county, south-central Utah, U.S. Located at an altitude of 6,666 feet (2,032 metres) in the fertile Panguitch Valley and bounded by mountains and the Sevier River, the city takes its name from a Paiute Indian word meaning “abundant fish.” Founded by Scandinavian immigrants in 1864, Panguitch was deserted during the B...
  • Panguna (Papua New Guinea)
    mining town and site of a large open-pit copper mine in the south-central interior of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. An Australian mining company began prospecting for copper in the Crown Prince Range at Panguna in the early 1960s. Roads and a pipeline were subsequently built to convey the copper concentrate to the drying and loading installations at L...
  • Pangwa (people)
    ...retreating helplessly from the cruelty of man; and the Ijo peoples of the Niger River delta believe that God (there regarded as female) allows individuals to choose their own fate before birth. The Pangwa of Tanzania have a fantastic vision of the world as having been created from the excrement of ants. The Yoruba of Nigeria tell of a creator who got drunk on palm wine and so created cripples.....
  • Panhame River (river, Africa)
    ...and cuts through the Rukowakuona Mountains to the Lowveld. It crosses the Mozambique border at Hunyani, receiving the Duângua River after a course of 260 miles (418 km). It continues as the Panhame River, which joins the Zambezi at the town of Panhame. The Hunyani is dammed along its section south of Harare by the Prince Edward and Hunyani Poort dams. The latter impounds Lake McIlwaine.....
  • Panhard, René (French engineer)
    French automobile engineer and manufacturer who, with Émile Levassor, produced the first vehicle with an internal-combustion engine mounted at the front of the chassis rather than under the driver’s seat. Their vehicle became the prototype of the modern automobile. It had a sliding gear transmission and a differential gear with power transmitted to the rear axle by a chain drive....
  • panharmonicon (musical device)
    ...devices. Haydn wrote tunes for musical (pipe organ) clocks; Mozart wrote several pieces for mechanical organ; and Beethoven wrote his Wellington’s Victory (or Battle Symphony) for the panharmonicon, a full mechanical orchestra invented by Johann Nepomuk Maelzel (Mälzel), a German musician who perfected the metronome....
  • Panhellenic Liberation Movement (political party, Greece)
    ...After a period of imprisonment, he had been allowed to leave Greece. In exile he was a leading critic of the military regime and sought with limited success to launch a resistance movement, the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (Panellinio Apeleutherotiko Kinima; PAK), to bring about the overthrow of the military regime. PAK members formed a significant element in the newly established......
  • Panhellenic Socialist Movement (political party, Greece)
    social democratic political party in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) was founded in 1974 as a radical Marxist-inspired party that called for the dissolution of the country’s military alliances and for tighter government regulation of the economy, but since its founding it has transformed into a mainstream social democratic party. PASOK and New Democracy...
  • Panhellenion (Greek political federation)
    ...he had their laws professionally redrafted, and he brought to completion the massive temple of Olympian Zeus that the Peisistratid tyrants had begun more than five centuries before. He created the Panhellenion, a federation of Greeks that was based at Athens, which gave equal representation to all Greek cities and thereafter played a conspicuous part in the history of Roman Greece. At the......
  • panhypopituitarism (pathology)
    ...and may be hereditary; tumours, infections, or infarction (tissue death) of the pituitary can also induce dwarfism. In many cases, other endocrine and sexual functions remain normal. However, in panhypopituitarism all pituitary hormones are deficient, and sexual development is impaired....
  • Paniagua,Valentín (Peruvian politician)
    Peruvian politician (b. Sept. 23, 1936, Cuzco, Peru—d. Oct. 16, 2006, Lima, Peru), served (November 2000–July 2001) as caretaker president of Peru and was instrumental in guiding the country back to democracy following the collapse of the autocratic government of Alberto Fujimori. Paniagua helped organize new elections, which brought Alejandro Toledo to power. When he left office, Pa...
  • panic (psychology)
    A number of common assumptions about behaviour under stress have been dispelled by research on responses to disaster. First, panic is rare. The quite specific conditions under which panic occurs is described below, but stoic, unbelieving, or even resigned reactions are more common than panic. Second, scapegoating is not the rule. Some investigations have suggested an almost unnatural avoidance......
  • panic (economics)
    in economics, acute financial disturbance, such as widespread bank failures, feverish stock speculation followed by a market crash, or a climate of fear caused by economic crisis or the anticipation of such crisis. The term is applied only to the violent stage of financial convulsion and does not extend to the whole period of a decline in the business cycle....
  • panic attack (psychology)
    Anxiety disorders are distinguished primarily in terms of how they are experienced and to what type of anxiety they respond. For example, panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of panic attacks, which are brief periods of intense anxiety. Panic disorder may occur with agoraphobia, which is a fear of being in certain public locations from which it could be difficult to escape....
  • panic disorder (psychology)
    Anxiety disorders are distinguished primarily in terms of how they are experienced and to what type of anxiety they respond. For example, panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of panic attacks, which are brief periods of intense anxiety. Panic disorder may occur with agoraphobia, which is a fear of being in certain public locations from which it could be difficult to escape....
  • Panic in the Streets (film by Kazan [1950])
    Screenplay: Joseph L. Mankiewicz for All about EveMotion Picture Story: Edna Anhalt and Edward Anhalt for Panic in the StreetsStory and Screenplay: Charles Brackett, Billy Wilder, D.M. Marshman, Jr., for Sunset BoulevardCinematography, Black-and-White: Robert Krasker for The Third ManCinematography, Color:......
  • Paniceae (plant tribe)
    The Panicoideae include almost 3,300 species and are remarkably consistent in the nature of their spikelets. This enormously successful group divides naturally into two tribes, the Paniceae and Andropogoneae. Most of the former tribe has become specialized for savannas in tropical, humid zones, especially South America, and the latter is most abundant in areas of the tropics with pronounced......
  • panicke (Baltic religion)
    in Baltic religion, the domestic hearth fire. In pre-Christian times a holy fire (šventa ugnis) was kept in tribal sanctuaries on high hills and riverbanks, where priests guarded it constantly, extinguishing and rekindling it once a year at the midsummer festival. Eventually this tradition was moved into the home as the gabija, and its care became the respon...
  • panicle (plant anatomy)
    A panicle is a branched raceme in which each branch has more than one flower, as in the astilbe (Astilbe)....
  • Panicoideae (plant subfamily)
    Most members of the two subfamilies Chloridoideae and Panicoideae tolerate relatively warm and dry habitats through special adaptations for photosynthesis. Both subfamilies are concentrated in the tropics, and those that do extend into higher latitudes flower and grow mostly during the warmest part of the growing season. The 1,300 species of the Chloridoideae share unusual features of leaf......
  • panicum (plant anatomy)
    any of nearly 600 species of forage and cereal grasses in the genus Panicum (family Poaceae), distributed throughout tropical and warm temperate regions. These plants are annuals and perennials; many are tufted or have underground stems....
  • Panicum capillare (plant)
    Witchgrass (P. capillare), a tufted annual, is a common weed in fields and disturbed areas. Its large, purplish flower clusters break off and are blown by the wind. Vine mesquite grass (P. obtusum) is planted for erosion control in the southwestern United States....
  • Panicum maximum (plant)
    Many species of Panicum, known as millet (q.v.), are cultivated in Europe and Asia as crop plants and in the United States for forage, hog feed, and birdseed. Guinea grass (P. maximum), a tall African plant, also is cultivated for forage, especially in tropical America and southern North America. Switch grass (P. virgatum) is an erect, tough perennial, 1 to 2 m......
  • Panicum miliaceum (plant)
    ...both well adapted to dry climates with short growing seasons. The ancestor of foxtail millet is green foxtail grass (Seteria italica viridis), while the ancestor of broomcorn millet has yet to be identified. Domesticated millet grains are distinguished from wild grains by changes in their proportions and size. Both foxtail and broomcorn millet seeds are somewhat......
  • Panicum obtusum (plant)
    Witchgrass (P. capillare), a tufted annual, is a common weed in fields and disturbed areas. Its large, purplish flower clusters break off and are blown by the wind. Vine mesquite grass (P. obtusum) is planted for erosion control in the southwestern United States....
  • Panicum turgidum (plant)
    ...restricts germination to the spot where they land. In contrast, Eusideroxylon zwageri does not grow on steep slopes because its heavy fruits roll downhill. The grains of the grass Panicum turgidum, which have a flat and a round side, germinate much better when the flat rather than the convex side lies in contact with wet soil. In very small seeds, the importance of shape......
  • Panicum virgatum (plant)
    ...United States for forage, hog feed, and birdseed. Guinea grass (P. maximum), a tall African plant, also is cultivated for forage, especially in tropical America and southern North America. Switch grass (P. virgatum) is an erect, tough perennial, 1 to 2 m (about 3 to 6 12 feet) tall, that grows in clumps; its spikelets may be reddish. It is a......
  • Panié, Mount (mountain, New Caledonia)
    ...deposits of nickel, chrome, and cobalt ore). In the northeast of the main island, an outcrop of gneiss forms a mountain range 40 miles (60 km) long that includes New Caledonia’s highest point, Mount Panié, elevation 5,341 feet (1,628 metres). Elsewhere the northern half of the island consists mainly of an irregular series of ranges formed from schists. Sedimentary rocks are limite...
  • panier (clothing)
    Toward mid-century the hoop framework gradually changed shape to become oval. Then known as a panier (“basket”), it consisted of a basket form on each hip tied in at the waist by tapes. Soon the frame became so wide that women found it difficult to negotiate a doorway or a sedan chair, so a collapsible folding panier was devised, made only of......
  • Panier (district, Marseille, France)
    The popular area of Marseille was the seedy district, north of the Old Port, known as the Panier, which was destroyed in 1943. The more prosperous middle-class districts developed in the 19th century to the south around the rue Paradis and the avenue du Prado. The period following World War II saw various schemes to develop the city, including the Unité d’Habitation, an 18-story......
  • paniharī (Indian dance)
    The typical folk dance of Rājasthān is the ghoomar, which is performed on festive occasions only by women. The geer dance (performed by men and women), the paniharī (a graceful dance for women), and the kacchi ghori (in which male dancers ride dummy horses) are also popular. The most famous song is “Kurja,” which tells the story of a.....
  • Panihati (India)
    city, south-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is located just east of the Hooghly (Hugli) River, part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. Connected by road and rail with Kolkata, it is a rice-trading centre; its major industries include cotton milling, tanneries, and the manufacture of chemicals, pottery, cement, glass, paint, and rubber goods. With the southern suburb o...
  • Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava (Indian statesman)
    Indian statesman, diplomat, and scholar....
  • Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, Graf (Russian count)
    statesman who served as a chief diplomatic adviser to Catherine II the Great of Russia (reigned 1762–96)....
  • Pāṇini (Indian grammarian)
    ...non-Western grammatical tradition—and the most original and independent—is that of India, which dates back at least two and one-half millennia and which culminates with the grammar of Pāṇini, of the 5th century bc. There are three major ways in which the Sanskrit tradition has had an impact on modern linguistic scholarship. As soon as Sanskrit became kn...
  • Panini (primate tribe)
    It has been proposed (though not generally accepted) that chimpanzees and bonobos be placed in their own tribe, called Panini, since they are relatively distant genetically from Gorillini, or even that they should be placed within the same tribe (Hominini) and genus (Homo) as humans, since their ancestors separated relatively recently (about 5 million years ago)....
  • Panini, Giovanni Paolo (Italian painter)
    the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century. His real and imaginary views of the ruins of ancient Rome embody precise observation and tender nostalgia, combining elements of late classical Baroque art with those of incipient Romanticism....
  • paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy)
    ...Waimea is the headquarters for the Parker Ranch (established about 1815), one of the largest Hereford cattle ranches in the United States and famous for its Hawaiian paniolos, who trace their roots to Mexican cowboys taken to the island in the 1830s. The ranch covers about 175,000 acres (70,000 hectares) and contains some 30,000 to 35,000 head of......
  • Panipat (India)
    city, Haryāna state, northwestern India. It is connected by road and rail with Delhi (south) and Ambāla (north). The plain of Pānīpat was the site of three decisive battles in Indian history in the 16th and 18th centuries. Wool and cotton milling, saltpetre refining, and the manufacture of glass, electrical appliances, and bricks are the city’s chief industries....
  • Pānīpat, Battles of (Indian history)
    (1526, 1556, 1761), three military engagements, important in North Indian history, fought at Pānīpat, a level plain suitable for cavalry movements, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. The first battle (April 21, 1526) was between the Mughal chief Bābur, then ruler of Kabul, and Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī of Delhi. Although...
  • Panizzae foramen (anatomy)
    ...only partially divided from each other. In crocodiles, both atria and both ventricles are completely separate. Nevertheless, a connection exists between arterial and venous circulation by way of the foramen of Panizza, which opens between the two vessels leading separately from the ventricles. This connection operates when the crocodile holds its breath. It allows blood to bypass the lungs when...
  • Panizzi, Antonio Genesio Maria (Italian librarian)
    Italian patriot and man of letters who became famous as a librarian at the British Museum and played a part in the unification of Italy....
  • Panizzi, Sir Anthony (Italian librarian)
    Italian patriot and man of letters who became famous as a librarian at the British Museum and played a part in the unification of Italy....
  • Panj Piare (Sikhism)
    ...master. When he had apparently dispatched the fifth, the screen was removed, and all five were seen to be very much alive. At their feet lay five slaughtered goats. The five volunteers became the Panj Piare, the “Cherished Five,” who had proved that their loyalty was beyond question....
  • Panj River (river, Asia)
    headstream of the Amu Darya in Central Asia. It is 700 miles (1,125 km) long and constitutes part of the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The Panj River is formed between the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountains by the junction of the Vākhān River and the Pamir River along the border between eastern Afghanistan and Taji...
  • Panjabi language
    central Indo-Aryan language spoken in Punjab (around Lahore and Amritsar), an area now divided between India and Pakistan; to the west, modern Punjābī merges into the Lahnda language. Punjābī is one of the 14 regional languages recognized in the Indian constitution. In vocabulary it is very similar to Western Hindi. It has little literature and shows ...
  • Panjāh va siho se nafar (work by ʿAlavī)
    ...to Iran, he taught at the Industrial College of Tehrān and became involved with a group of Iranian socialists. He was imprisoned with them from 1937 to 1941, and while in jail he wrote Panjāh va siho se nafar (“Fifty-three People”), describing the members of the socialist group and their ordeal in prison, and the short-story collection......
  • Panjalu (historical kingdom, Indonesia)
    Hinduized kingdom in eastern Java, established about the 11th century. Little is known of the kingdom. According to the Pararaton (“Book of Kings”), a mighty king of eastern Java, Airlangga, divided his kingdom between his two sons before he died in 1049: the western part was called Kaḍiri, or Panjalu, with Daha as its capital, while the eastern part...
  • Panjgūr (Pakistan)
    town, Balochistān province, Pakistan. Situated on the south bank of the Rakhshān River in the Siāhān Range, the town is a market centre and in summer is a temporary administrative seat. It is connected by road to Turbat and Pasni to the southwest. The surrounding semiarid region consists mostly of mountains and is inhabited mainly by Baluchi who are p...
  • Panjim (India)
    town, capital of Goa state, western India, on the Mandāvi River. It was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced the Portuguese to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or Ela). Panaji became the capital in 1843. The town contains colonial houses and plazas, and by law all the houses must be whitewashed annually. Chiefly an administrative centre, Panaji...
  • Panjkora (river, Asia)
    ...follow two contrasting directions—northeast to southwest and roughly east to west. Most of the rivers, such as the Panjshēr (Panjshīr), the Alīngār, the Konar, and the Panjkora, follow the northeast-to-southwest direction and are then suddenly deflected toward the east-west axis by the Kābul River, into which they flow. The Yarkhun and Ghizar river vall...
  • Panjnad River (river, Pakistan)
    river in Punjab province, Pakistan, formed just below Uch by successive junctions of the Sutlej, Beās, Rāvi, Jhelum, and Chenāb rivers. The Panjnad (literally “Five Rivers”) flows 44 miles (71 km) southwest to its junction with the Indus River near Mithankot. A dam on the Panjnad just after the Sutlej’s junction with the Chenāb is part of the Sutle...
  • Panjshēr (river, Asia)
    ...on the northern side but highly complex on the southern one, where valleys follow two contrasting directions—northeast to southwest and roughly east to west. Most of the rivers, such as the Panjshēr (Panjshīr), the Alīngār, the Konar, and the Panjkora, follow the northeast-to-southwest direction and are then suddenly deflected toward the east-west axis by the....
  • Pankhurst, Dame Christabel Harriette (British suffragist)
    suffragist leader credited with organizing the tactics of the militant British suffrage movement....
  • Pankhurst, Emmeline (British suffragist)
    militant champion of woman suffrage whose 40-year campaign achieved complete success in the year of her death, when British women obtained full equality in the voting franchise. Her daughter Christabel Harriette (afterward Dame Christabel) Pankhurst (1880–1958) also was prominent in the woman suffrage movement....
  • Pankhurst, Richard Marsden (British lawyer)
    In 1879 Emmeline Goulden married Richard Marsden Pankhurst, lawyer, friend of John Stuart Mill, and author of the first woman suffrage bill in Great Britain (late 1860s) and of the Married Women’s Property acts (1870, 1882). Ten years later she founded the Women’s Franchise League, which secured (1894) for married women the right to vote in elections to local offices (not to the Hous...
  • pankration (ancient sport)
    ancient Greek sports event that combined boxing and wrestling, introduced at the Xxxiii Olympiad (648 bc). Simple fisticuffs had been introduced in 688 bc. Particularly popular among Spartans, contests were savage, with hitting, kicking, twisting of limbs, strangling, and struggling on the ground allowed. The only recognized fouls were biting and goug...
  • Pankratov, Denis (Russian athlete)
    ...Her three gold medals, however, came amid rumours of drug use. In the men’s events three swimmers each captured two individual gold medals: Aleksandr Popov (Russia), Danyon Loader (New Zealand), and Denis Pankratov (Russia). In women’s gymnastics the team event was won by the surprising U.S. squad, while the individual contests were dominated by Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine), who wo...
  • pankus (Hittite legal assembly)
    ...the royal succession. His stipulations, now called the Edict of Telipinus, form one of the best sources available for a study of the Hittite Old Kingdom. In his edict, Telipinus designated the pankus (a general assembly) as high court in cases of constitutional crimes. In the case of murder, even the king was subject to its jurisdiction. The initiative seems to have been successful,......
  • pankush (Hittite legal assembly)
    ...the royal succession. His stipulations, now called the Edict of Telipinus, form one of the best sources available for a study of the Hittite Old Kingdom. In his edict, Telipinus designated the pankus (a general assembly) as high court in cases of constitutional crimes. In the case of murder, even the king was subject to its jurisdiction. The initiative seems to have been successful,......
  • panleucopenia (disease)
    viral disease of cats, kittens two to six months old being most susceptible. Highly contagious, it is caused by a parvovirus that is closely related to canine parvovirus type 2. About 3 to 10 days after exposure to the disease, infected kittens cough and sneeze, have running eyes and nose, are feverish, lose their appetites, vomit, and have diarrhea. The number of white cells in the blood drops se...
  • panleukopenia (disease)
    viral disease of cats, kittens two to six months old being most susceptible. Highly contagious, it is caused by a parvovirus that is closely related to canine parvovirus type 2. About 3 to 10 days after exposure to the disease, infected kittens cough and sneeze, have running eyes and nose, are feverish, lose their appetites, vomit, and have diarrhea. The number of white cells in the blood drops se...
  • panlobular emphysema (pathology)
    This irreversible disease consists of destruction of alveolar walls. It occurs in two forms, centrilobular emphysema, in which the destruction begins at the centre of the lobule, and panlobular (or panacinar) emphysema, in which alveolar destruction occurs in all alveoli within the lobule simultaneously. In advanced cases of either type, this distinction can be difficult to make. Centrilobular......
  • Panlongcheng (ancient site, China)
    Chinese archaeological site from about the middle of the Shang dynasty period (c. 1600–1046 bce). The site, located near the confluence of the Yangtze and Hanshui rivers in central Hubei, was first uncovered in 1954 and underwent extensive archaeological excavation beginning in the mid-1970s. More than 30 graves and some storage pit...
  • panmictic unit (genetics)
    ...is calculated from the average F values of its members. High values of F are found in small populations whose members marry one another over many generations. Such groups are called isolates. Thus, the Samaritans, who have remained a small but distinctive group since the 8th century bc, are considerably inbred, and in the United States some religious groups also live...
  • P’anmunjŏm (demilitarized zone, Korean Peninsula)
    village, central Korea, in the demilitarized zone established after the Korean War, 5 miles (8 km) east of Kaesŏng and 3 miles (5 km) south of the 38th parallel, on the Kyŏngŭi high road (from Seoul to Sinŭiju). It was the location of the truce conference that was held for two years (1951–53) between representatives of the United Nations forces and the opposing ...
  • Panmure, Fort (historical fort, Mississippi, United States)
    ...which included the area between the Apalachicola and Mississippi rivers. The original northern boundary of West Florida was latitude 31° N, but it was extended in 1764 to 32°28′ N. Fort Rosalie was renamed Fort Panmure, and the Natchez District was established as a subdivision of West Florida. Natchez flourished during the early 1770s. After the outbreak of the American......
  • Panmure, Fox Maule, 2nd Baron (British statesman)
    British secretary of state for war (1855–58) who shared the blame for the conduct of the last stage of the Crimean War....
  • Panna (India)
    town, northern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The town grew in importance when Chhatrasal, ruler of Bundelkhand, made it his capital in 1675. It is a trade centre for agricultural products, timber, and cloth fabrics; handloom weaving is the major industry. Buildings of historical importance include the marble-domed Swami Pran Nath Temple (1795) and Shri ...
  • panna (religious concept)
    ...which makes one’s body and mind fit for concentration, (2) samadhi (“meditation”), concentration of the mind being a prerequisite to attaining a clear vision of the truth, and (3) prajna (“wisdom”), understood not as a collection of empirical knowledge but as an intuitive experience of ultimate reality, attained in a state of samadhi....
  • Panna National Park (national park, India)
    The surrounding region comprises much of the former princely states of Panna and Ajaigarh. Diamond mines in the vicinity have been worked since the 17th century. Also nearby is Panna National Park. Established in 1981 and occupying 210 square miles (543 square km), the park is a noted wildlife sanctuary, with populations of tigers, leopards, and sloth bears. Pop. (2001 prelim.) 45,666....
  • Pannartz, Arnold (German printer)
    ...a time when the text had been less open than the first Caroline alphabet but more rounded than the narrowed, blackened, and pointed Gothic that it had become. When the printers Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz in Subiaco, Italy, brought out an edition of Cicero in 1465, they used a typeface that was explicitly intended to be, but was not, a printed copy of the text of Cicero’s own ti...
  • paññatti (Buddhist philosophy)
    in Buddhist philosophy, the denotation of a thing by a word. The concept of prajñapti is especially important in the Mādhyamika (“Middle View”) and Vijñānavāda (“Consciousness-affirming”) schools. Prajñapti is seen as a fictitious construction unrelated to ultimate reality, or niṣprapañca...
  • panner (baking device)
    An automatic panning device is an integral part of most modern molders. As empty pans, carried on a conveyor, pass the end of the machine, the loaves are transferred from the molder and positioned in the pans by a compressed air-operated device. Before the filled pans are taken to the oven, the dough undergoes another fermentation, or pan-proofing, for about 20 minutes at temperatures of......
  • Panneton, Philippe (French-Canadian writer)
    French-Canadian novelist whose Trente arpents (1938; Thirty Acres) is considered a classic of Canadian literature....
  • panniculus carnosus (biology)
    The panniculus carnosus is a sheath of dermal (skin) muscle, developed in many mammals, that allows the movement of the skin independent of the movement of deeper muscle masses. These movements function in such mundane activities as the twitching of the skin to foil insect pests and in some species also are important in shivering, a characteristic heat-producing response to thermal stress. The......
  • pannier (clothing)
    Toward mid-century the hoop framework gradually changed shape to become oval. Then known as a panier (“basket”), it consisted of a basket form on each hip tied in at the waist by tapes. Soon the frame became so wide that women found it difficult to negotiate a doorway or a sedan chair, so a collapsible folding panier was devised, made only of......
  • panning (mining)
    in mining, simple method of separating particles of greater specific gravity (especially gold) from soil or gravels by washing in a pan with water. Panning is one of the principal techniques of the individual prospector for recovering gold and diamonds in placer (alluvial) deposits....
  • panning shot (cinematography)
    One of the simplest and most common movements is to turn, or pan (from the word panorama), the camera horizontally so that it sweeps around the scene. It can also be tilted up or down in a vertical panning shot or in a diagonal pan, as when it follows an actor up a stairway. Panning was possible quite early in film history, but methods of physically conveying the camera itself......
  • Pannini, Giovanni Paolo (Italian painter)
    the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century. His real and imaginary views of the ruins of ancient Rome embody precise observation and tender nostalgia, combining elements of late classical Baroque art with those of incipient Romanticism....
  • Panniqtuuq (Canada)
    ...Passage. Blacklead Island, within the sound, was a noted whaling station by the late 19th century. The Anglican church established missions early in the 20th century at many settlements, including Pangnirtung (Panniqtuuq), on the northern shore of the sound. Now primarily a trading post and gateway to Auyuittuq National Park Reserve (8,394 square miles [21,470 square km]), Pangnirtung has a......
  • Pannonhalma Apátság (abbey, Hungary)
    On a northern spur of the Bakony Mountains, just southeast of Győr, is Pannonhalma Apátság, a Benedictine abbey founded in 969 by Prince Géza and chartered by Stephen I in 1001. Its 300,000-volume library includes the finest medieval archives in Hungary. The powerful Esterházy family built a palace at Fertőd in the 1760s. The palace, a popular tourist......
  • Pannonia (historical region, Europe)
    province of the Roman Empire, corresponding to present-day western Hungary and parts of eastern Austria, as well as portions of several Baltic states, primarily Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia (Vojvodina). The Pannonians were mainly Illyrians, but there were some Celts in the western part of the province. The Roman conquest of the area began in 35 bc under Octavian (who later became th...
  • Pannonian Basin (geographical region, Europe)
    ...the range from other basic geologic elements of Europe, such as the old Bohemian Massif and the Russian, or East European, Platform. Within the arc formed by the Carpathians are found the depressed Pannonian Basin, composed of the Little and the Great Alfolds of Hungary, and also the relatively lower mountain-and-hill zone of Transdanubia, which separates these two plains. Thus defined, the......
  • pannus (pathology)
    Active inflammation is first seen in the synovial membranes of the joints, which become red and swollen. Later, a layer of roughened granulation tissue, or pannus, protrudes over the surface of the cartilage. Under the pannus the cartilage is eroded and destroyed. The joints become fixed in place (ankylosed) by thick and hardened pannus, which also may cause displacement and deformity of the......
  • Pano (people)
    The Ge family includes groups most of which are located in the semi-arid lands of central Brazil. In the extreme northwest of Brazil and in the jungles of eastern Peru and Bolivia live the Pano tribes. The Jívaro of Ecuador are famous headhunters. They cut off the enemy’s head, separate the soft part from the skull, and, with the help of hot sand, reduce it to the size of a fist with...
  • Pano-Tacanan languages
    Macro- Pano-Tacanan, a group more distantly related than a stock, includes about 30 languages, many of them still spoken. The languages are located in two widely separated regions: lowland eastern Peru and adjoining parts of Brazil and lowland western Bolivia on the one hand, and southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego on the other. In the latter region the languages are practically extinct....
  • Panoan languages
    Macro- Pano-Tacanan, a group more distantly related than a stock, includes about 30 languages, many of them still spoken. The languages are located in two widely separated regions: lowland eastern Peru and adjoining parts of Brazil and lowland western Bolivia on the one hand, and southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego on the other. In the latter region the languages are practically extinct....
  • Panocho (Spanish dialect)
    ...is sparse, and the isolated farmsteads and small villages are located where there is water. Emigration from Murcia has been considerable since 1900. The dialect in the countryside is called Panocho, and it reflects Arab, Catalan, and Aragonese influences....
  • Panofsky, Erwin (German-American art historian)
    German American art historian who gained particular prominence for his studies in iconography (the study of symbols and themes in works of art)....
  • Panofsky, Wolfgang Kurt Hermann (American particle physicist and arms-control adviser)
    German-born American particle physicist and arms-control adviser who supported the building of strong scientific relations with Russia and China to avoid the use of nuclear weapons. After earning (1942) a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology, Panofsky worked on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, N.M., and then took a research position at the University of California, Berkeley. He jo...
  • Panopea bitruncata (mollusk)
    ...on the coast from Alaska to Baja California, burrows 60 to 90 cm into the mud of tidal flats. It is 15 to 20 cm in length, has a white, oblong shell, and may weigh as much as 3.6 kg (8 pounds). The Atlantic geoduck (P. bitruncata), similar to the Pacific species, occurs from the coast of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico....
  • Panopea generosa (mollusk)
    (species Panopea generosa), marine invertebrate of the class Bivalvia (phylum Mollusca) that inhabits the sandy muds of the intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones of the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska to Baja California. The geoduck is the largest known burrowing bivalve. Its gaping shell reaches about 180–230 mm (7–9 inches) in length, but the siphons,...
  • “Panoplia Dogmatike” (work by Choniates)
    In the theological sphere Nicetas composed the Panoplia Dogmatike (“Thesaurus of Orthodoxy”), a collection of tracts to use as source material for responding to contemporary heresies and to document the 12th-century Byzantine philosophical movement....
  • Panoplia dogmatikē tēs orthodoxou pisteōs (work by Zigabenus)
    ...heresy holding the coexistence with God of a principle of evil that participated in creation. Emperor Alexius commissioned Zigabenus to write a comprehensive work against heresies, with the title Panoplia dogmatikē tēs orthodoxou pisteōs (“The Doctrinal Armory of the Orthodox Faith”). The work has two sections. The first treats heterodox teaching in the...
  • Panopolis (Egypt)
    town, Sawhāj muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile, above Sawhāj on the west bank. Extensive necropolises dating from the 6th dynasty (c. 2345–c. 2181 bc) until the late Coptic period reveal the site’s antiquity. In 1981 remains of a temple (Roman period) with Ramessi...
  • Panoptes (Greek mythology)
    figure in Greek legend described variously as the son of Inachus, Agenor, or Arestor or as an aboriginal hero (autochthon). His byname derives from the hundred eyes in his head or all over his body, as he is often depicted on Athenian red-figure pottery from the late 6th century bc. Argus was appointed by the goddess Hera to watch the cow into wh...
  • panopticon (penal architecture)
    architectural form for a prison, the drawings for which were published by Jeremy Bentham in 1791. It consisted of a circular, glass-roofed, tanklike structure with cells along the external wall facing toward a central rotunda; guards stationed in the rotunda could keep all the inmates in the surrounding cells under constant surveillance. Although Bentham’s novel idea was ...
  • Panorama (Italian magazine)
    ...Time has had its greatest influence, however, in postwar Europe, where such magazines as L’Express (founded 1953) in France, Der Spiegel (founded 1947) in Germany, and Panorama (founded 1962) in Italy derived directly from it. Such magazines did not always develop in exactly the direction that Time had taken, but L’Express was radically ch...
  • panorama (visual arts)
    in the visual arts, continuous narrative scene or landscape painted to conform to a flat or curved background, which surrounds or is unrolled before the viewer....
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