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  • universal serial bus (computing)
    ...data to be transferred in parallel. This increases the throughput, or rate of data transfer, between the peripheral and computer. SCSI buses are parallel buses. Examples of serial buses include the universal serial bus (USB). USB has an interesting feature in that the bus carries not only data to and from the peripheral but also electrical power. Examples of other peripheral integration schemes...
  • universal set (mathematics)
    Boole used capital letters to stand for the extensions of terms; they are referred to (in 1854) as classes of “things” but should not be understood as modern sets. The universal class or term—which he called simply “the Universe”—was represented by the numeral “1,” and the null class by “0.” The juxtaposition of terms (for examp...
  • Universal Studio Music Department (American company department)
    ...Story: William A. Wellman and Robert Carson for A Star Is BornCinematography: Karl Freund for The Good EarthArt Direction: Stephen Goosson for Lost HorizonScoring: Universal Studio Music Department, Charles Previn, head of department, for 100 Men and a GirlSong: “Sweet Leilani” from Waikiki Wedding; music and lyrics by Harry......
  • Universal Studios (American motion-picture studio)
    American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular, low-budget serials and also presented many of the films of Erich von Stroheim (1885–1957), who was a...
  • universal succession (law)
    ...Many Americans, for example, avoid the probate system entirely, either because they make lifetime dispositions of their property (for example, in trust) or because their heirs behave as if universal succession were in fact in place—i.e., the heirs divide the property among themselves and pay the creditors and the tax collector out of their own pockets. Similarly, there seems to......
  • Universal Teaching Method (work by Jacotot)
    On the basis of his unusually diverse experience, Jacotot wrote Enseignement universel (1823; “Universal Teaching Method”), in which he advanced an egalitarian view of humanity in such maxims as “All human beings are equally capable of learning” and “Everybody can be proficient in anything to which he turns his attention.” He also maintained that al...
  • Universal Time (chronology)
    the mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian (0° longitude). Universal Time replaced the designation Greenwich Mean Time in 1928; it is now used to denote the solar time when an accuracy of about one second suffices. In 1955 the International Astronomical Union defined several categories of Universal Time of succes...
  • Universal-International (American motion-picture studio)
    American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular, low-budget serials and also presented many of the films of Erich von Stroheim (1885–1957), who was a...
  • Universal-Lexicon (encyclopaedia by Zedler)
    ...the number of volumes. Many of the Chinese encyclopaedias have been considerably larger than any Western work. Pliny’s Historia naturalis comprised about 2,500 chapters, Zedler’s Universal-Lexicon was planned for 12 volumes and eventually filled 64; the publishers of the Encyclopédie were faced with a lawsuit (1768–78) for produ...
  • Universalia Euclidea (work by Sturm)
    ...this method very far, and it did not constitute a significant logical advance. Leibniz himself had occasionally drawn such illustrations, and they apparently first entered the literature in the Universalia Euclidea (1661) of Johann C. Sturm and were more frequently used by Johann C. Lange in 1712. (Vives had employed triangles for similar purposes in 1555.) Euler’s methods were......
  • Universalism (Christianity)
    belief in the salvation of all souls. Although Universalism has appeared at various times in Christian history, most notably in the works of Origen of Alexandria in the 3rd century, as an organized movement it had its beginnings in the United States in the middle of the 18th century. The Enlightenment was responsible for mitigating the sterner aspects of Calvinistic theology and preparing the way...
  • Universalist Church of America (American religious organization)
    religious organization in the United States formed in May 1961 by merger of the Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association. The American Unitarian Association was founded in 1825 as the result of a gradual development of Unitarianism (the denial of the Trinity) within New England Congregationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Universalist Church of......
  • universalistic religion
    ...their politics or cultural achievements) the linchpin of their community. From Amos (8th century bc) onward the religion of Israel was marked by tension between the concept of monotheism, with its universal ideal of salvation (for all nations), and the notion of God’s special choice of Israel. In the Hellenistic age (323 bc–3rd century ad)...
  • universality principle (international law)
    ...cases where an alien has committed an act abroad deemed prejudicial to that state’s interests, as distinct from harming the interests of nationals (the passive personality principle). Finally, the universality principle allows for the assertion of jurisdiction in cases where the alleged crime may be prosecuted by all states (e.g., war crimes, crimes against the peace, crimes against huma...
  • universalizability (ethics)
    ...is, notwithstanding its element of choice, compatible with a substantial amount of reasoning about moral judgments. Such reasoning is possible, Hare wrote, because moral judgments must be “universalizable.” This notion owed something to the ancient Golden Rule and even more to Kant’s first formulation of the categorical imperative. In Hare’s treatment, however, these...
  • universally characteristic language
    ...into judgments in exhaustive ways and then methodically assessing their truth. Leibniz later developed a goal of devising what he called a “universally characteristic language” (lingua characteristica universalis) that would, first, notationally represent concepts by displaying the more basic concepts of which they were composed, and second, naturally represent (in the......
  • Universalpoesie (literature)
    ...symbolizing intuitive poetic genius. Oehlenschläger was by now recognized as an important Romantic poet and an able practitioner of what Friedrich Schlegel termed Universalpoesie, a universal, historical, comparative approach to literature. In 1805 he received a government grant to study and travel in Germany and other countries, where he visited......
  • universe (mathematics)
    Boole used capital letters to stand for the extensions of terms; they are referred to (in 1854) as classes of “things” but should not be understood as modern sets. The universal class or term—which he called simply “the Universe”—was represented by the numeral “1,” and the null class by “0.” The juxtaposition of terms (for examp...
  • universe (astronomy)
    in astronomy, the entire physical universe consisting of all objects and phenomena observed or postulated....
  • Universe (work by Calder)
    ...at which points louvers clad the areas devoted to mechanical operations of the building. In the lobby is a major work by the American sculptor Alexander Calder, an enormous motorized mural named “Universe,” which he called a “wallmobile.”...
  • universe (statistics)
    The term universe is used to denote whatever body of people is being studied. Any segment of society, so long as it can be replicated, can represent a universe: elderly people, teenagers, institutional investors, editors, politicians, and so on. Effort must be made to identify the universe that is most relevant to the issue at hand. If, for example, one wishes to study the opinions......
  • Universe of Time, A (work by Farrell)
    After 1958 Farrell worked on what was to be a 25-volume cycle, A Universe of Time, of which he completed 10 volumes. His complete works include 25 novels and 17 collections of short stories. Among his works of nonfiction are A Note on Literary Criticism (1936), a discussion of Marxist literature, and Reflections at Fifty (1954), personal essays....
  • Universel Temps Coordonné
    international basis of civil and scientific time, implemented in 1963. The unit of UTC is the atomic second, and UTC is widely broadcast by radio signals. These signals ultimately furnish the basis for the setting of all public and private clocks. Since Jan. 1, 1972, UTC has been modified by adding “leap seconds” when necessary....
  • Universidad (Colombian periodical)
    ...graduation from the law school of the National University of Colombia in Bogotá in 1924. He contributed essays to several newspapers and magazines, founding the review Universidad (“University”) in Bogotá in 1928 and becoming director of the newspaper El tiempo (“The Times”) there in 1939; he....
  • Universidad de Salamanca (university, Salamanca, Spain)
    state institution of higher learning at Salamanca, Spain. It was founded in 1218 under Alfonso IX, but its real beginnings date from 1254, when, under Alfonso X, grandson of the founder, three chairs in canon law and one each in grammar, arts, and physics were established. From that time until the end of the 16th century, Salamanca was one of the leading centres of learning in Europe, ranking with...
  • Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca (university, Salamanca, Spain)
    The former Jesuit seminary (1617–1755) is now the Pontifical University, most of whose students are priests or seminarians; the Jesuits still officiate in its Church of La Clerecía. Also notable are the Italian-style church of the convent of the Augustinians (1636–87), containing a painting of the Immaculate Conception by José de Ribera; the Dominican convent and......
  • Universidade de Coimbra (university, Portugal)
    ...I, and Ferdinand I—were born there, as was the 16th-century poet Francisco de Sá de Miranda. Portugal’s oldest university, founded in 1290 in Lisbon, finally settled at Coimbra as the Universidade de Coimbra in 1537. Its chapel has a magnificently carved door (1517–22) and a richly decorated Baroque library (1716–23), which has 1,000,000 volumes and 3,000 manu...
  • Università degli Studi di Perugia (university, Perugia, Italy)
    coeducational state institution of higher learning at Perugia, Italy. The university was founded in 1200 by a group of students seceding from the University of Bologna. It was recognized by Pope Clement V in 1308 as a studium generale, a place of study accepting scholars from all over Europe and conferring a generally recognized degree. After the annexation of the papal territories by the K...
  • Università Degli Studi di Salerno (university, Salerno, Italy)
    institution of higher learning in Salerno, Italy. Much of the historic interest of the university derives from an antecedent medical school in Salerno that was the earliest and one of the greatest medical schools of the Middle Ages. In fact, some scholars have called this school medieval Europe’s first university. The medical school was noted for its physicians as early as the 10th century,...
  • Università degli Studi di Siena (university, Siena, Italy)
    coeducational autonomous state institution of higher learning at Siena, in central Italy....
  • universitas (medieval community)
    Thus, the town in the Low Countries became a communitas (sometimes called corporatio or universitas)—a community that was legally a corporate body, could enter into alliances and ratify them with its own seal, could sometimes even make commercial or military contracts with other towns, and could negotiate directly with the prince. Land within the town’s boundarie...
  • Universität Hamburg (university, Hamburg, Germany)
    The Universität Hamburg, founded in 1919, is one of the largest in Germany, with some 46,000 students and faculties covering virtually every discipline except certain technological subjects. A second university, the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, began classes in 1982. Hamburg also has state schools for music and interpretative art and for the sculptural arts, as well as som...
  • Université de Nantes (university, Nantes, France)
    autonomous, state-financed coeducational institution of higher learning at Nantes, in western France. Founded in 1970 under the 1968 law reforming French higher education, the university replaced the former University of Nantes founded in 1962, which in turn had its origins in the University of Nantes established by papal bull in 1460, and the University of Angers authorized by Charles V in 1364....
  • Université de Poitiers (university, Poitiers, France)
    coeducational, autonomous state institution of higher learning in Poitiers, Fr. Founded in 1970 under a law of 1968 reforming higher education, it replaced a university founded in 1431 by a Papal Bull of Eugene IV and confirmed by Charles VII in 1432. The university was suppressed by the French Revolution and was eventually replaced by separate faculties of law, letters, and science and by a schoo...
  • Université Laval (university, Quebec, Quebec, Canada)
    a French-language university located on the outskirts of the city of Quebec. Laval’s predecessor institution, the Seminary of Quebec, considered the first Canadian institution of higher learning, was founded by François de Montmorency Laval, first Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, in 1663. Queen Victoria granted the seminary a university charter in 1852, and it was recognized by a pap...
  • Universiteit van Pretoria (university, Pretoria, South Africa)
    state-supported coeducational institution of higher learning at Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1908, when the arts and science courses of Transvaal University College in Johannesburg were transferred to Pretoria. In 1910 the two institutions were separated, the Johannesburg section being reincorporated as the South African School of Mines and Techno...
  • Universités de Aix-Marseille I, II, et III (schools, Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, France)
    coeducational, state-financed, autonomous institutions of higher learning at Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, founded under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. The institutions developed out of the original University of Provence, founded in 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of Provence and recognized by papal bull in 1413. From the 15th to the 18th century ...
  • Universités de Bordeaux I, II, et III (university, Bordeaux, France)
    coeducational, autonomous, state-financed institutions of higher learning at Bordeaux, France. The three universities were established in 1970 under the 1968 Orientation Act, reforming French education, to replace the original University of Bordeaux, which was founded in 1441 and confirmed by papal bull during the reign of King Charles VII. The university play...
  • Universités de Paris I à XIII (university, Paris, France)
    universities founded in 1970 under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. They replaced the former University of Paris, one of the archetypal European universities, founded about 1170....
  • Universités de Toulouse I, II, et III (university, Toulouse, France)
    three autonomous coeducational state institutions of higher learning founded at Toulouse, Fr., in 1970 under the 1968 law reforming higher education, to replace the former University of Toulouse founded in 1229: the University of Social Sciences, specializing in law and economics; the University of Toulouse-le-Mirail, a liberal arts institution; and the University Paul-Sabatier, specializing in sc...
  • Universities for Research in Astronomy, Association of (American association)
    ...in response to a long-felt need by astronomers in the eastern half of the United States for access to excellent optical observing facilities in a favourable climate. Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy under contract with the NSF, the observatory houses a collection of two radio and 21 optical telescopes, the largest of which is the 13-foot (4-metre) Mayall......
  • Universities Tests Act (United Kingdom [1871])
    ...and Sir Robert Peel to carry the Emancipation Act of 1829 in Parliament. This act admitted Irish and English Roman Catholics to Parliament and to all but a handful of public offices. With the Universities Tests Act of 1871, which opened the universities to Roman Catholics, Catholic Emancipation in the United Kingdom was virtually complete....
  • university
    institution of higher education, usually comprising a liberal arts and sciences college and graduate and professional schools and having the authority to confer degrees in various fields of study. A university differs from a college in that it is usually larger, has a broader curriculum, and offers graduate and professional degrees in addition to undergraduate degrees. (See a...
  • University Act (1920, Myanmar)
    Also in 1920 Rangoon College was raised to the status of a full university by the University Act. However, because the accompanying changes in the school’s administration and curriculum were viewed as elitist and exclusionary of the Burmese population, its students went on strike. Younger schoolchildren followed suit, and the general public and the Buddhist clergy gave full support to the.....
  • university adult education
    division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult education. Since its inception, group instruction in the form of formal lectures, discussion groups, seminars, and worksh...
  • University Cheikh Anta Diop (university, Dakar, Senegal)
    ...from the School of Medicine of Dakar (1918). It achieved full status as a university in the French system in 1957 and became known as the University of Dakar. The name was changed in 1987 to University Cheikh Anta Diop to honour a Senegalese scholar and politician. Following disturbances in 1968, Senegal concluded an agreement with France that emphasized a more African-based curriculum.......
  • University Church (church, Salzburg, Austria)
    ...the Dreifaltigkeitskirche (Church of the Holy Trinity), for example, contrasts to and heightens the effect of the sober front of the adjoining seminary buildings. The almost geometric forms of the Kollegienkirche (University Church) surmounted by the undulating forms of its towers crown the university complex, providing a new architectural and symbolic accent to a city dominated by its massive....
  • University College (college, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States)
    An adjacent campus, University College, provides education at more than 25 off-campus locations in the region and at more than 140 locations in 29 countries, including a four-year residential campus in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Ger. Also within the state system are the University of Maryland, Baltimore; Bowie State University; Towson University; the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in......
  • university college
    in British and formerly British educational systems, an institution of higher learning that does not have the authority to award its own degrees. Students enrolled at a university college ordinarily receive their degrees from a recognized university—in England, usually the University of London. In due course, a university college may be granted university status. The University College of ...
  • University College (college, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom)
    ...scholars. They were intended primarily for masters or bachelors of arts who needed financial assistance to enable them to continue study for a higher degree. The earliest of these colleges, University College, was founded in 1249. Balliol College was founded about 1263, and Merton College in 1264....
  • University College (university, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania)
    ...of government finance. As a result, private secondary schools sponsored by religious institutions and, most notably, by parents themselves have expanded in number. There are two universities, the University of Dar es Salaam (1961), formerly part of the University of East Africa, and Sokoine University of Agriculture (1984). Extensive adult education has focused on eradicating illiteracy, and,.....
  • University College (university, Bristol, England, United Kingdom)
    ...School, the Cathedral School, and Queen Elizabeth’s Hospital, all founded in the 1500s; Colston’s School (1708); and Clifton College, founded in the residential suburb of Clifton in 1862. The University of Bristol, founded as University College in 1876, was established in 1909....
  • University College, Dublin (college, Dublin, Ireland)
    University College Dublin, established as the Catholic University of Ireland in the 1850s and now a constituent college of the National University of Ireland, is the largest campus in Ireland, with more than 20,000 students. In 1940 Eamon de Valera founded the Institute for Advanced Studies with Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (who became an Irish citizen) as the director of its......
  • University College, London (college, London, United Kingdom)
    ...in an effort to ensure that library schools offering a professional qualification meet the standards established by the profession itself. The first British library school was established in University College, London, in 1919, and until 1946 all other qualifications were gained through public examinations that were conducted by the Library Association. Today there are many other......
  • university extension
    division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult education. Since its inception, group instruction in the form of formal lectures, discussion groups, seminars, and worksh...
  • university laboratory (education)
    In principle, university laboratories are completely independent and free to investigate anything that interests them. In practice, many of them are anxious to keep in touch with industry and to focus their research effort on problems with practical applications. Similarly, industrial scientists wish to maintain contact with advanced academic research. The result is a constant interchange......
  • university library
    ...founded in 1903. It is the largest library in India and holds a fine collection of rare books and manuscripts. In some countries, such as Iceland and Israel, the national library is combined with a university library....
  • University Medical Center of Southern Nevada (hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States)
    About a dozen hospitals serve the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, part of the University of Nevada system, is a teaching hospital with an emphasis on pulmonary and cardiac disease; it has grown to national prominence in neurosurgery and neurology and maintains the state’s major facility for treating burn victims. Several private institutions of...
  • University of California Regents v. Bakke (law case)
    ruling in which, on June 28, 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas. The medical school at the University of California, Davis, as part of the university’s affirmative action program, had reserved 16 percent of its admission places for minority applicants. Allan Bakke, a white Cal...
  • University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (school, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
    a pioneer school in the progressive education movement in the United States. The original University Elementary School was founded in Chicago in 1896 by American educator John Dewey as a research and demonstration centre for the Department of Pedagogy at the University of Chicago. The school was designed to exhibit, test, and conduct research in educational me...
  • University of Iowa Laboratory Schools (schools, Iowa City, Iowa, United States)
    elementary and secondary schools founded in Iowa City in 1916 to experiment with curriculum development and to serve as model schools for Iowa. Over the next several decades the schools exercised national and international influence through their pioneer studies in educational testing. The Iowa Tests of Basic Skills and the Iowa Tests of Educational Development, originating in the laboratory scho...
  • University of Michigan Stadium (stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States)
    ...Tsentraly (Lenin) Stadium, in Moscow (103,000); Odsal Stadium, in Bradford, England (102,500); Aztec Stadium, in Mexico City (115,000); the Rose Bowl, in Pasadena, California, U.S. (104,091); and Michigan Stadium, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. (107,501). These figures of course denote how many people can be “accommodated”; the official “seating” capacities may be......
  • University of Oregon Health Sciences Center (school, Portland, Oregon, United States)
    public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Portland, Oregon, U.S. It is specifically dedicated to biomedical research and patient medical care and to training health professionals, scientists, and engineers. The university comprises schools of medicine, dentistry, and nursing, and the OGI School of Science and Engineering, located in nearby Hillsboro. It also includ...
  • University of Paris (university, Paris, France)
    universities founded in 1970 under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. They replaced the former University of Paris, one of the archetypal European universities, founded about 1170....
  • university press
    The increase in the number of universities was accompanied by an increase in the number of university presses. The purpose of these presses is to serve the needs of scholarship—i.e., to publish specialized material that a purely commercial firm would find impracticable to handle. Their freedom from the more acute profit-making pressures, often a result of direct subsidies, coupled......
  • University Sermons (work by Newman)
    ...for the influence of the movement than his books, especially the Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837), the classic statement of the Tractarian doctrine of authority; the University Sermons (1843), similarly classical for the theory of religious belief; and above all his Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834–42), which in their published form took the.....
  • University Wits (English dramatists)
    the notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century and who transformed the native interlude and chronicle play with their plays of quality and diversity....
  • University-in-Exile (school)
    ...of University Professors in 1915, and the next year he became a charter member of the first teachers’ union in New York City. He helped found the New School for Social Research in 1919 and the University-in-Exile in 1933, established for scholars being persecuted in countries under totalitarian regimes. In 1937, at age 78, he headed a commission of inquiry that went to Mexico City to hea...
  • Universum Film-Aktien Gesellschaft (German film company)
    German motion-picture production company that made artistically outstanding and technically competent films during the silent era. Located in Berlin, its studios were the best equipped and most modern in the world. It encouraged experimentation and imaginative camera work and employed such directors as Ernst Lubitsch, famous for directing sophisticated comedie...
  • UNIX (operating system)
    ...(Virtual Memory System), became popular among software developers, giving VAX users a large selection of software applications. In the early 1980s, Digital also helped to develop a version of the UNIX operating system to run on the VAX, in part to appeal to university departments where UNIX was popular but also to compete against Sun Microsystems, Inc., Silicon Graphics, Inc., and other......
  • unjust enrichment (law)
    ...by A from B of what would otherwise be an unjustified enrichment of B at A’s expense, such as when A had mistakenly paid B something that was not due (condictio indebiti). This notion of unjust enrichment as a source of legal obligation was one of the most pregnant contributions made by Roman law to legal thought....
  • unke (amphibian)
    (Bombina), small amphibian (family Bombinatoridae) characterized by bright orange markings on the undersides of its grayish body and limbs. The common fire-bellied toad (B. bombina) is a pond dweller about 5 centimetres (2 inches) long. When disturbed it raises its forearms and arches its head and hind legs over its back. Resting on the lower part of its tautly curved abdomen, it......
  • Unkei (Japanese sculptor)
    Japanese sculptor of the Late Heian (1086–1185) and early Kamakura (1192–1333) periods, who established a style of Buddhist sculpture that had an immense impact on Japanese art for centuries....
  • “Unkenrufe” (work by Grass)
    ...Rat), a vision of the end of the human race that expressed Grass’s fear of nuclear holocaust and environmental disaster; and Unkenrufe (1992; The Call of the Toad), which concerned the uneasy relationship between Poland and Germany. In 1995 Grass published Ein weites Feld (“A Broad Field...
  • Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of (Ottoman Empire-Russia [1833])
    (July 8, 1833), defensive alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the village of Hünkâr İskelesi, near Istanbul, by which the Ottoman Empire became a virtual protectorate of Russia....
  • Unknown Eros and Other Odes (poems by Patmore)
    English poet and essayist whose best poetry is in The Unknown Eros and Other Odes, containing mystical odes of divine love and of married love, which he saw as a reflection of Christ’s love for the soul....
  • unknown soldier
    ...Rude sculpted the frieze and the spirited group The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (called “La Marseillaise”). On Armistice Day in 1920, the Unknown Soldier was buried under the centre of the arch, and each evening the flame of remembrance is rekindled by a different patriotic group....
  • Unknown Soldier, Tomb of the (cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, United States)
    The cemetery also houses the Tomb of the Unknowns, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which was established in 1921 as the burial place for the Unknown Soldier of World War I. In 1932 a seven-piece Colorado-Yule marble sarcophagus, constructed at a cost of $48,000, was positioned above the Unknown Soldier’s grave. Unknown soldiers from World War II and the Korean War were likewi...
  • Unknowns, Tomb of the (cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, United States)
    The cemetery also houses the Tomb of the Unknowns, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which was established in 1921 as the burial place for the Unknown Soldier of World War I. In 1932 a seven-piece Colorado-Yule marble sarcophagus, constructed at a cost of $48,000, was positioned above the Unknown Soldier’s grave. Unknown soldiers from World War II and the Korean War were likewi...
  • Unkoku (Japanese artist)
    artist of the Muromachi period, one of the greatest masters of the Japanese art of sumi-e, or monochrome ink painting. Sesshū adapted Chinese models to Japanese artistic ideals and aesthetic sensibilities. He painted landscapes, Zen Buddhist pictures, and screens decorated with birds, flowers, and animals. His style is distinguished for its force and vehemence of b...
  • Unkoku school (art)
    ...even used his name; these included the great 16th-century master Hasegawa Tōhaku, who proudly signed himself Sesshū of the fifth generation. An entire school of Japanese painting, the Unkoku school, devoted itself to continuing his artistic heritage....
  • Unkoku Tōgan (Japanese painter)
    Japanese painter best remembered as a suiboku-ga (“water-ink painting”) artist. He worked in the manner of the 15th-century artist Sesshū at a time when the orthodox style of the Kanō school dominated painting....
  • UNKRA (international organization)
    economic-rehabilitation program (1950–58) established to aid South Korea in recovering from the disruption caused by the 1945 partition creating the two Korean republics. In addition to problems of economic reconstruction, much attention was concentrated on the problem of refugees who were displaced by World War II and those who were made homeless by the ensuing Korean Wa...
  • Unkrich, Lee (American director, film editor, and actor)
    ...Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King; music and lyrics by Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie LennoxAnimated Feature Film: Finding Nemo, directed by Andrew Stanton and Lee UnkrichHonorary Award: Blake Edwards...
  • unlawful assembly (law)
    gathering of persons for the purpose of committing either a crime involving force or a noncriminal act in a manner likely to terrify the public. The extent to which a government penalizes disorderly assemblies often reflects the political value that it places on the right of assembly....
  • unlawful seizure (international law)
    the illegal seizure of a land vehicle, aircraft, or other conveyance while it is in transit....
  • unlayered gabbroic complex (geology)
    A lopolith at Duluth, Minn., is a notable exception to the rather arbitrary division between layered and unlayered gabbro complexes. The lower part of this mass has the average composition of an olivine gabbro but is strongly banded, with individual bands that vary in composition from anorthosite to peridotite (monomineralic rocks that contain labradorite and olivine). The upper portion is a......
  • unleaded gasoline
    ...(149° C [300° F] and 900 RPM). For many years the research octane number was found to be the more accurate measure of engine performance and was usually quoted alone. Since the advent of unleaded fuels in the mid-1970s, however, motor octane measurements have frequently been found to limit actual engine performance. As a result a new measurement, road octane number, which is a sim...
  • unlearning (psychology)
    ...retroactive inhibition, however, not all of the loss need be attributed to competition at the moment of recall. Some of the first list may be lost to memory in learning the second; this is called unlearning. If one is asked to recall from both lists combined, first-list items are less likely to be remembered than if the second list had not been learned. Learning the second list seems to act......
  • Unleavened Bread, Festival of (Judaism)
    in Judaism, holiday commemorating the Hebrews’ liberation from slavery in Egypt and the “passing over” of the forces of destruction, or the sparing of the firstborn of the Israelites, when the Lord “smote the land of Egypt” on the eve of the Exodus. The festival thus marks the first and most momentous event in Jewish history. Passover begins wi...
  • Unless (novel by Shields)
    ...(1993), which won a Pulitzer Prize, begins in early 20th-century Manitoba and follows the life of Daisy from birth to death in a variety of voices and textual strategies, while in Unless (2002) a middle-aged professional woman confronts the nature of goodness and the disintegration of a comfortable family life. Audrey Thomas reveals the dilemmas confronting women in......
  • UNLF (Ugandan political movement)
    ...Ugandan exiles, quickly put Amin’s demoralized army to flight and invaded Uganda. With these troops closing in, Amin escaped the capital. A coalition government of former exiles, calling itself the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), with a former leading figure in the DP, Yusufu Lule, as president, took office in April 1979. Because of disagreement over economic strategy and the fe...
  • unlisted market (trading)
    trading in stocks and bonds that does not take place on stock exchanges; such trading is most significant in the United States, where requirements for listing stocks on the exchanges are quite strict. It is often called the “off-board market,” and sometimes the “unlisted market,” though the latter term is misleading because some securities so traded are listed on an exc...
  • unmanned aerial vehicle
    Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a class of aircraft akin to radio-controlled models and cruise missiles, have become significant factors in military reconnaissance. Carrying sensors for surveillance, they are designed to fly either for long duration at very high altitudes or for shorter periods at low altitudes and to transmit their acquired data to orbiting satellites. A subclass of UAVs,......
  • unmanned satellite (instrument)
    man-made object launched into a temporary or permanent orbit around the Earth. Spacecraft of this type may be either manned or unmanned, the latter being the most common....
  • Unmediated Vision, The (book by Hartman)
    ...and Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Ph.D., 1953), he embarked on a university teaching career, most of it (1955–62 and since 1967) at Yale. In his first book, The Unmediated Vision (1954), he argued that poetry mediates between its readers and direct experience, much as religion did in more religious eras. Romantic poetry especially interested him;......
  • UNMIK (UN intervention)
    ...bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in response to increasing violence against its Albanian population; subsequently, the Yugoslav government agreed to remove its security forces from Kosovo. The United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) then took over the administration of the territory. The Vojvodina regained nominal autonomous status in 2002, but some local groups continued to call for a......
  • unmixing (chemistry)
    in mineralogy, process through which an initially homogeneous solid solution separates into at least two different crystalline minerals without the addition or removal of any materials. In most cases, it occurs upon cooling below the temperature of mutual solubility or stability of the solution. The sodium-rich feldspar albite (NaAlSi3O8) and the potassium...
  • unmoved mover (philosophy)
    ...claimed to be empirical. Thus, St. Thomas Aquinas, perhaps the most influential Scholastic philosopher, in the 13th century argued that to explain the fact of motion in the world, the existence of a prime mover must be presupposed; that to account for contingent or dependent being the existence of something that is necessary or self-contained must be presumed; that to see why the world is......
  • Unmūdhaj al-ʿulūm (work by Dawānī)
    The Persian jurist Dawānī (1427–1502/03) published a kind of encyclopaedia, entitled Unmūdhaj al-ʿulūm (“Program of the Sciences”), that consisted of documented questions and answers and technical inventions on a very wide range of subjects. Al-Shīrazī (died 1542) soon issued a refutation to it, the ......
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